In my previous posts, I has discussed about A Study of The Law of Cloning and The Future of Cloned Children in The Perspective of Islam. And this time I will discuss about human cloning as a continuation of the previous discussion. This study is a theoretical study (does not field research), in the sense of wanting to explain how the Qur'an's perspective on human cloning (Study of Al-Insan verse 2 and Ar-ruum verse 21).
Introduction
Something that no human has ever thought about in the past, but now, along with the development and progress of science and technology, especially in the field of genetics, scientists have been able to revive animals that extinct animals such such as dinosaurs.[National Geographic News]A foundation named "The Long Now Foundation" that founded by biologist and author Stewart Brandto, to encourage long-term thinking and responsibility within the next 10,000 years has selected 25 species of animals to be revived from extinction. [Read More] Why scientists do that?
While human nature is an creature of Almighty God. meaning that man is turn on by god, does not of reviving the other spiecies that are extinct. If humans have tried to do things that should be done by god, but today it is done by humans in this cases in that's the scientis in the field of genetics and beotechnology. Is that good?, is it not against ethics and morals?
In this case (reviving extinct animal species), if human day has been able to revive an extinct animal, it is possible that the scientists will be able to revive the dead man.
Today's , rapidly evolving science and technology has opened up opportunities for humans to enter the territory of god.
Discussion
Human Cloning
Human cloning is the creation of a genetically identical copy of a human. The term is generally used to refer to artificial human cloning, which is the reproduction of human cells and tissue. It does not refer to the natural conception and delivery of identical twins[wikipedia]
Referring to the above understanding, cloning wich has been done on humans by scientists is not a natural process of birth of identical twins, but rather process of making new human beings from inviduals the genetically identical. This can be said that things that previously could not be done, but today it is not impossible to do.
Today's, one of the human capabilities in this century is able to create living things by utilizing the cloning technology. In the sense that humans have been able to produce humans by versions of cloning with the help of technology. Well, How is human cloning in ethical point of view? is human cloning not opposed to ethics?
For get answers to the questions that, then in this case I refer to deontology and theology. In deontology, something is considered good or not due to the demands of social and moral norms does not because its impact. According to this understanding, ethical judgment of an action is more emphasized to the act itself. The main character in this ideology is a German philosopher Immanuel Kant is famous for the categorical imperative theory.
If refer to the concept of deontology above, then every bad acts can not be done for reason and any purpose, although for a good reason and purpose.
While in the teleology concept, judging something is good or bad refers to the purpose or effect of something it. Thus, an act which is generally prohibited can not be considered bad if done for good reason and purpose.
For combine the two ideologies above, the biologists then develop a new ethics called the term bioetik.
The bioetik is a science that studies how to apply ethics in biological sciences, medicine, health care and related fields to sustain life and improve quality of life. [wikipedia]
In discussing cloning from a bioethical point of view (without relating it to religion), the deontological view will see if the act of applying cloning to man is an act that generally considered evil for human life so it should not be done, or it is more good for human. Furthermore, if the teleological approach is used to see it, then good or bad of cloning on humans will be assessment judged in terms of goals and consequences that caused by the human cloning.
So in this case, I need a deeper study to clearly divide the issue related to the cloning itself so that found out answer about good and bad for human cloning in terms of the perspective of deontology and Teleology.
How Islam's Perspective on Human Cloning ???
Islam is a universal religion that regulates all aspects of human life and also a way of life that must be followed by all humans as the earth caliph especially Muslims . Therefore, all activities of Muslims must be based on the principles of Islamic Shari'ah, namely Al-Qur'an and Al-Hadith. Both of these principles are believed to still be able to answer all the challenges of the time until the Day of Resurrection.
Discussing the issue of human cloning means discussing about creation of human. The Qur'an consists of 314 letters and 6666 verses and one of the letters in the Qur'an is Al-Insan. In this case I quote one verse from the letter that because this verse is related and very relevant to the process of human creation.
إِنَّا خَلَقْنَا الْإِنْسَانَ مِنْ نُطْفَةٍ أَمْشَاجٍ نَبْتَلِيهِ فَجَعَلْنَاهُ سَمِيعًا بَصِيرًا
"Verily We created man from a drop of semen that mixed wich We will test (by command and prohibition), therefore We made him hear and see".[Q.S Al-Ihsan : 2]
Based on the meaning of the verse, it is understandable that God created man from sperm and ovum. this means the creation of man as well as the creation of hearing and sight is the right of God is not human matter. The process of human creation as meant in the verse certainly does not provide a place for humans (biologists) to intervene. theologically, alowed application of cloning must still see a rational justification that does not contradict the argument mentioned in the verse above.In the sense that, if the cloning process applied to humans contradicts the argument of al-qur'an, then cloning is not justified in humans.
Furthermore, marriage in the islam is one way to preserve the offspring which is the sunnatullah. through this process of marriage thanks to the power of God man was born (created). then when compared between the process of cloning and marriage, it will be seen that the process of human cloning was born without marriage (does not involve male sperm). Then it can be said that cloning technology by itself has disappeared the marriage factor. while marriage in Islam is part of the law of fiqh (Islamic law) which regulates how humans preserve their offspring. Beside, in the letter ar-rum verse 21 it is mentioned that the purpose of marriage is for the tranquility of human life.
وَمِنْ آيَاتِهِ أَنْ خَلَقَ لَكُمْ مِنْ أَنْفُسِكُمْ أَزْوَاجًا لِتَسْكُنُوا إِلَيْهَا وَجَعَلَ بَيْنَكُمْ مَوَدَّةً وَرَحْمَةً ۚ إِنَّ فِي ذَٰلِكَ لَآيَاتٍ لِقَوْمٍ يَتَفَكَّرُونَ
"And among His signs is He created for you wives of your own kind, that ye may be inclined and secure unto him, and made him your compassion and affection. Verily in that are really signs for the mans who thinks"[Q.S Ar-Ruum : 21]
If look to the purpose of marriage contained in the verse, it can be said that the process of human cloning has eliminated one aspect of human life is the serenity of the soul. The peace of the soul is obtained by man one of that through sexual intercourse (legitimate marriage). The act of nullifying or eliminating one's peace is an act which is considered unfavorable (unethical). Therefore the application of human cloning is a unethical deeds.
Conclusion
Based on the description, it can be concluded that the cloning process may be applied on human as long as it is not contradictory to the principle of human creation in the Qur'an, in other words not in contradiction with the provisions of Islam. But if it goes against the principles and values in the teachings of Islam, cloning in humans is not justified because it includes prohibited and unethical actsTherefore, to bring back the dead animal, create the human, and or revive the dead man should be considered in all aspects so as not to pose a great danger or disaster. Although scientists in this century have the ability and advanced technology to do it all. because in scientific activities in all aspects including research and experiments conducted by experts related to cloning technology must be associated with religion.
References:
http://reviverestore.org/what-we-do/why-revive-extinct-species
https://texags.com/forums/5/topics/2553776
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_cloning
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etika_Deontologi
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleology
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioetika
https://tafsirq.com/76-al-insan/ayat-2
https://tafsirq.com/30-ar-rum/ayat-21
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