The founder of the Etherium Vitalik Buterin published a proof of the concept of renewal of the sharding for the blockchain of the Etherium.
Sharding is a way of solving problems with the scalability of the block. It's about how well the system can work as its scale and load increase. The ethereum uses a work proof system, which means that all transactions in the system must be handled by all the nodes in it. This system used by the original crypto currency is a proven way to maintain the integrity of the block, but there is one problem: it makes the network heavy and slow. Many solutions to this problem have been proposed and launched on the network - large blocks, child lockers and the Lightning network are just some examples of attempts to solve this issue.
Shading, or segmentation, as the name implies, basically means that the block is subjected to fragmentation, which potentially facilitates the load on the inspection nodes. In early 2018, the Ethereum Foundation launched two research and development programs for shading protocols funded by subsidies in the amount of $ 50,000 to $ 1 million.
The mechanism of shading will work on the principle of palpitation, giving out new fragments of blocks every 2-8 seconds. These new blocks will randomly offer a node for its verification. The node to be tested is selected at random, but the selection itself is affected by the activity of this node. This is a hallmark of the consensus of the system, working on the algorithm of the proof of stake. To generate a randomness check, the RANDAO mechanism will be used.
In addition to facilitating the workload of the network, sharding has the additional advantage of providing stability of its operation, since nodes with higher rates more motivated to maintain the system are more likely to be selected for transaction verification.
It should be noted that each new block of any type will depend on the block from the main chain. However, the main block does not check each transaction personally - they are checked by the proxy, that is, randomly selected by the validators.