In this issue, I will present the organographic, histological and nutritional properties of the plant species Mangifera indica (ANACARDIACEAE), with the firm purpose of contributing to the dissemination of the biological-technical and nutritional elements of this important plant resource.
Introduction
The Mango (Mangifera indica), is a plant species of arboreal biotype with perennial foliage and leafy crown of rounded morphology, this biological resource representative of the family Anacardiaceae, is appreciated by the organoleptic characteristics and nutritional value accumulated in the fibrous pulp of its fruits [1].
The nutritional compounds available in the fruits of Mangifera indica, place it among the three main fruit species of nutritional interest, only surpassed by cambur (Musaceae) and apple (Rosaceae), however, the physical-chemical values of mango M. indica are highly heterogeneous, so that the taste, smell and nutritional source depend on the variety and specific monoembryonic or polyembryonic germplasm [2].
Consequently, starting from the botanical foundations and nutritional source that the fruits of Mangifera indica have, the objective of this post is to describe the organographic and histological characteristics and nutritional properties of this popular phytorecourse.
Biological classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Sapindale
Family: Anacardiaceae
Genus: Mangifera
Species: indica
Common names
In a cosmopolitan way the multiple varieties of Mangifera indica are commonly known as Mango or Manga, however, varieties of South American origin are usually assigned a second adjective, such as mango apple, mango bite, mango peach, among others.
Food properties
Although the fruits of mango Mangifera indica, do not provide a rich source of protein, its high content of carbohydrates and appreciable values of vitamins, minerals and fibers, have positioned this plant resource as one of the main species, whose pulp contained in its fruits can be consumed in fresh state, or as a byproduct after being processed by the agro-industry in; dehydrated state, syrup, jams, sauces, vinegar, games, nectars among others [2].
The mango pulp Mangifera indica, is characterized by presenting an exquisite flavor and pleasant texture to the palate, however, in addition to its sensory acceptance, the nutritional composition of its fruits is the main reason for its agricultural and commercial exploitation, this because, its consumption confers health benefits by providing caloric energy [3].
| Water | |
| Fiber | |
| Sugar | |
| Energy (Kcal) | |
| Calcium | |
| Iron | |
| Phosphorus | |
| Potassium | |
| Vitamin A |
Origin and distribution
The mango Mangifera indica originates from the tropical strip of the Asian continent, specifically from India, with a wide pan-tropical distribution determined by its extensive ecophysiological adaptability and high viability of sexual multiplication [5].
Gender Mangifera in Venezuela
The genus Mangifera is represented biologically in Venezuela by the species; M. indica and M. odorata of which the following cultivars have been successfully established agronomically; Edward, Haden, Irwins, Manzana, Palmer, Tolbert, Tommy Atkins and Zill [6].
Botanical description
Way of life
The mango as a plant resource, is located within the tree biotype, with perennial duration and lush.
Root
All the varieties of Mangifera indica, are characterized by having main root with considerably thickened pivoting morphology, and secondary and tertiary roots with both vertical and horizontal growth patterns.
Stem
It has cylindrical, straight stems with a woody consistency, corky appearance and variable height between 10 and 30 meters.
Sheets
The mango, exhibits leaf blades of petiolated insertion, simple, of lanceolate to elliptic morphology, whole edge, aristate apex, cuneiform base, pinnatinervia, alternate phyllotaxy and limb of coriaceous condition.
Flower
The flowers of Mangifera indica, are conical in appearance, arranged in terminal inflorescences in the form of panicles, and biologically can be perfect or staminated, with green sepals and petals of variable color.
Fruit
Mangifera indica has drupe type fruits of variable size and morphology, with fleshy, fibrous mesocarp and yellow, orange or reddish color.
Seeds
The mango seeds Mangifera indica, come from monosperm fruits, generally present ovoid to oblong morphology, with external aspect slightly lignified morphological attribute that protects the embryo from unfavorable biotic and abiotic factors.
Reproduction
Sexual reproduction
The mango Mangifera indica, can present according to the variety, a certain system of sexual reproduction, either mono-embryonic or polyembryonic [7].
Asexual reproduction
In addition to sexual reproduction, Mangifera indica can be multiplied asexually, by propagation by cuttings or vegetative regeneration by grafting [1].
Growth
Mangifera indica presents a phenological system of perennial behavior, with growth and development between 1 and 2 years, and productive closure after the germination of 3 years.
Ecology
From the ecological point of view the mango Mangifera indica, requires biogeographical areas potentially dry climates, which present rainfall not exceeding 1,500 mm per year, temperatures ranging around 32 °C, and soils that exhibit high values of nitrogen and potassium [6].
Histology and organography
Microscopic study
In order to extend the existing information, a histological study on the vegetative structures of Mangifera indica was developed, using the optical microscope for the morphological characterization at the tissue level, which.
Collection
The vegetative material of Mangifera indica was collected from the university campus specifically from the areas adjacent to the Arboretum of the Agricultural Production Engineering program of the Universidad Nacional Experimental Sur del Lago (UNESUR), a university institution located in Santa Bárbara, municipality of Colón in the state of Zulia - Venezuela.
Histological identification
The vegetative structures of Mangifera indica, were placed in containers with water to guarantee the turgidity of the tissues, later they were transferred to the laboratory facilities of Botany of UNESUR.
Materials and reagents used
- Plants of Mangifera indica
- Carrier sheets and coverslips
- Botanical dissection team
- Petri dishes
- Optical microscope
- Distilled water
- Lugol
- Safranin
- Floroglucin
Tissue observation
The histological structures of Mangifera indica, were observed using microscopes OPTIKA brand, for the identification of epidermal tissue, photosynthetic mesophilic, cross sections, longitudinal and tangential to the leaves (both sides), first proceeded to focus to 4x to locate tissue and then changed to 10x, for morphological characterization.
For the observation of xylem conduction and phloem tissues, cross sections were made to leaf petioles of Mangifera indica.
Histological results
Epidermal characterization
According to the observations made, the adaxial and abaxial epidermis of Mangifera indica, is fundamentally constituted by a well differentiated uni-stratified layer in both segments, with cells of tubular morphology, slightly elongated, bulging towards the middle zone, and essentially compacted without intercellular spaces, distinguishing a thick cuticle in the upper section of the leaf lamina.
Stomatic characterization
The stomas observed are located in a hypostomatic arrangement, which indicates that they are located exclusively on the lower face or the reverse side of the leaf blades of Mangifera indica, while the type of stoma observed is of anomocytic morphology, a typical configuration of dorsal leaf blades.
Parenchymal characterization
The foliar laminae of Mangifera indica, exhibit mesofile visibly differentiated in palisade parenchyma and spongy, as for the morphology; the palisade cells are observed located in two layers, elongated aspect, and some segments with appreciable small intercellular spaces, whereas, the spongy section of the parenchyma is located under the palisade parenchyma up to the abaxial epidermis, and presents rounded to irregular morphology, with big intercellular species.
Xylematic and phloematic characterization
In relation to the xylem and phloematic morphological attributes, the observations made to the leaf petioles of Mangifera indica, showed relatively large vascular bundles, arranged around the medulla, arranged in a collateral way and significantly closed.
SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTIONS OF THIS PUBLICATION
- The main contribution of the post, is focused on the socialization of unpublished content for the emerging social network HIVE, mainly scientific and technical information of organographic, histological and nutritional values provided by the fruits of the plant species Mangifera indica (Anacardiaceae), elements broken down in the manuscript by means of a comprehensible and didactic scheme, which allows to point out each botanical attribute distinctive of this important and popular plant phyto-resource. On the other hand, it also presents ecophysiological information focused essentially for professionals of the agricultural and agro-ecological areas.
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES CONSULTED AND CITED:
[1] Muchiri D., Mahungu S., and Gituanja S. Studies on mango (Mangifera indica L.) kernel fat of some Kenyan varieties in Meru. JAOCS, Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society. 2012;89;9:1567–1575. Article: Online access
[2] Briceño S., Zambrano J., Materano W., Quintero I., y Valera A. Calidad de los frutos de mango ‘Bocado’ madurados en la planta y fuera de la planta cosechados en madurez fisiológica. Agronomía Tropical. 2005;55:461-473. Article: Online access
[3] Noor A., Lee W., and Bhat R. Nutritional and sensory quality evaluation of sponge cake prepared by incorporation of high dietary fiber containing mango (Mangifera indica Var. Chokanan) pulp and peel flours. International journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition. 2011;62;6:559-567. Article: Online access
[4] Abraham W., Olivas F., Velderrain G., González A., De la Rosa L., López J., Álvarez E. El mango: aspectos agroindustriales, valor nutricional/funcional. Nutr Hosp. 2015;31:67-75. Article: Online access
[5] Alona C. Ecology and Taxonomy of Mangifera Species (Anacardiaceae) in the 50-ha Plot of Pasoh Forest Reserve, Peninsular Malaysia. M.Sc. Thesis, Universiti Putra Malaysia. 1999. Article: Online access
[6] Fonaiap. El cultivo del Manguero en Venezuela. Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias. Maracay. 1998;238. Article: Online access
[7] Sumiasri N., Jitno R., and Doddy P. The species and cultivars of mango in Madiun and its surroundings; the development and its problems. Biodiversitas, Journal of Biological Diversity. 2006;7;1:39-43. Article: Online access
[8] Maldonado Y., Navarrete H., Ortiz O., Jiménez J., Salazar R., Alia I., and Álvarez P. Physical, chemical and antioxidant properties of mango varieties grown at the Guerrero Coast. Rev. Fitotec. Mex. 2016;39;3:207 – 214. Article: Online access
[9] Pierson J., Monteith G., Roberts-Thomson S., Dietzgen R., Gidley M., and Shaw P. Phytochemical extraction, characterisation and comparative distribution across four mango (Mangifera indica L.) fruit varieties. Food Chem. 2014;15;149:253-263. Article: Online access
[10] Muhammad E. Grouping of Mangifera indica L. Cultivars of Subang West Java by Leaves Morphology and Anatomy Characteristics. Biosaintifika. 2017; 9: 156-167. Article: Online access
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