Genomes: DNA Sequencing, Non-coding RNA, and Genetic Mutations

In this video, I explain the concept of genomes, which refers to the complete set of DNA in an organism, encompassing all of its genes. Contrast this with the transcriptome (the full set of RNA transcripts), the proteome (the full set of proteins), and the metabolome (the full set of metabolites, including sugars, nucleotides, amino acids, and lipids). I also discuss the role of non-coding RNAs in the central dogma of molecular biology.

Time stamps:

Genome is the complete set of DNA, including all of its genes: 0:00
Map of the human X chromosome: 2:37
Many genes encode more than one protein: 6:17
Diagram of genome, transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome: 6:36
Genomes of eukaryotes are larger and more complex than prokaryotes: 9:38
Many non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are non-functional, often called junk RNA: 12:31
Roles of ncRNAs in the central dogma of molecular biology: 15:28
Gel electrophoresis separates and analyzes macromolecules (DNA, RNA, proteins) and their fragments based on their size and charge: 25:08
DNA profiling or fingerprinting is process of determining an individual's DNA characteristics. DNA barcoding is for a species. 26:11
Human reference genome data by chromosome: 26:30
Pseudogenes are nonfunctional DNA segments that resemble functional genes: 28:03
Frameshift mutation is a genetic mutation caused by insertions or deletions of a number of nucleotides in a DNA sequence that is not divisible by three: 28:56
Entire human genome has allowed identification of mutations (alteration in nucleotide sequence of genome): 29:59
Mobile genetic elements (MGEs) make up 50% of human genome, and can move around within a genome or to other species: 31:05