Mustafa Kemal ATATÜRK(1881-1938)
FOUNDER AND THE FIRST PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF TURKEY Atatürk
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk was born in 1881 in selanik, a three-storey pink house in Kocakasım Quarter, Islâhhâne Caddesi. His father is Ali Riza Efendi and his mother is Zubeyde Hanim. Hafiz Ahmet Efendi dedicates by the father XIV-XV. The Kocacık Yörüklerinden placed in Macedonia from Konya and Aydin centuries. Ms. Annu Zubeyde is the daughter of a former Turkish family who settled in the town of Langaza near Salonica. Ali Riza Efendi, who was a militia officer, an evkaf cleric and lumber trader, married Zübeyde Hanım in 1871. Four of Atatürk's five brothers died at an early age, only Makbule (Atatürk) lived until 1956. TürkçeSmall Mustafa began to learn in the neighborhood school of Hafez Mehmet Efendi when he was in the age of learning, and then he passed to Şemsi Efendi Mektebi at the request of his father. Meanwhile, he lost his father (1888). After staying with his uncle at Rapla Farm for a while, he returned to Salonica and finished school. He registered at Salonica Riftiye. Shortly thereafter, in 1893 he entered the Military High School. In this school Mathematics teacher added "Kemal" in the name of Mustafa Bey. In 1896-1899, he finished the Monastery Military Idea and began to study at the Military Academy in Istanbul. He graduated with the rank of lieutenant in 1902. He continued to the War Academy. On January 11, 1905, he completed the Academy with the rank of captain. Between 1905 and 1907 he served at the command of the 5th Army in Damascus. In 1907, he became a Chief of Staff (Senior Captain). Monastery III. He was appointed to the army. On April 19, 1909, he served as Chief of Staff in the Movement Army, which entered Istanbul. It was sent to France in 1910. He joined the Picardie Maneuvers. In 1911 he started to work under the command of the General Staff in Istanbul.
TürkçeMustafa Kemal joined Mustafa Kemal with a group of friends in the Tobruk and Derne districts in the battle that started with the attack of Italians in Tripoli in 1911. On December 22, 1911, he won the Tobruk War against the Italians. On March 6, 1912, he was brought to the Commander of the Association.
When the Balkan War broke out in October 1912, Mustafa Kemal joined the battle with Gallipoli and Bolayir. Dimetoka and Edirne's great service was seen on the back. In 1913 he was appointed to Sofia. In 1914, when he was in this position, he became a paramilitary. His military task ended in January 1915. In the meantime, the First World War began, the Ottoman Empire had to enter the war. Mustafa Kemal was commissioned in Tekirdağ to establish the 19th Division.
In World War I, which started in 1914, Mustafa Kemal wrote a heroic epic in Çanakkale and called entente states "Canakkale is impossible!" On March 18, 1915, the English and French navy, which crossed the Dardanelles Strait, decided to take soldiers to the Gallipoli Peninsula. On 25 April 1915, the 19th Division, commanded by Mustafa Kemal, stopped enemy forces from Arıburnu in Conkbayiri. Mustafa Kemal rose to colonialism on this success. The British attacked again in Arıburnu on August 6-7, 1915. Anafartalar Group Commander Mustafa Kemal won the victory of Anafartalar in August 9-10. This victory on August 17 Kireçtepe, August 21 in II. Anafartalar followed the victories. The Turkishnation who gave about 253,000 martyrs in the Gallipoli Wars knew about protecting the honor against the Entente States. Mustafa Kemal's soldiers, "I do not command you to attack, I command to die!" The order changed the fate of Cephe.
TürkçeMustafa Kemal took part in the Edirne and Diyarbakir in 1916 after the Gallipoli Wars. On April 1, 1916, he became a major general. He fought
against the Russian forces and provided Mus and Bitlis back. After his brief duties in Damascus and Aleppo, he arrived in Istanbul in 1917. He went to Germany with Velihat Vahidettin Efendi and was in the fronts. He was sick after this tour. I went to Vienna and Karisbad for treatment. On 15 August 1918 he returned to Aleppo as the 7th Army Commander. He made successful defensive battles against British forces on this front. One day after the signing of the Mondros Armistice, on October 31, 1918, it was brought to the Commander of the Lightning Orders Group. Upon the removal of this army, on November 13, 1918, he came to Istanbul and began to refer to the Ministry of War (Ministry).
After the Armistice of Mondros, the Entente States began the occupation of the Ottoman armies; Mustafa Kemal went to Samsun on 19 May 1919 as the 9th Army Inspector. On June 22, 1919, he published a declaration in Amasya that he declared that "the people will save the independence of the nation once again and determination" and called the Sivas Congress to the meeting. Between 23 July and 7 August 1919, Erzurum gathered the Sivas Congress between 4 and 11 September 1919, enabling the determination of the route to be followed for the emancipation of the country. He was enthusiastically welcomed in Ankara on 27 December 1919. April 23, 1920 with the opening of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey towards the establishment of the Republic of Turkey was an important step. Parliament and the Government was elected Chairman of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey Mustafa Kemal began to accept applications necessary laws for the successful conclusion of the War of Independence.
The Turkish War of Independence began on 15 May 1919 when the first shot was thrown at the enemy during the occupation of Izmir by the Greeks. On August 10, 1920, the Treaty of Sevres was signed and the warring states of World War I, which shared the Ottoman Empire, were first fought by militia forces called the Kuvâ-yi Milliye. Grand National Assembly of Turkey established a regular army, the Kuva-yi Milli - by integrating the army, the war has ended in victory.
TürkçeThe important steps of the Turkish War of Independence under Mustafa Kemal are:
The rescue of Sarıkamış (20 September 1920), Kars (30 October 1920) and Gümrü (7 November 1920).
Cukurova, Gazi Antep, Kahraman Maraş Şanlı Urfa defenses (1919-1921)
I. Inonu Victory (6 - 10 January 1921)
II. Inonu Victory (March 23-April 1, 1921)
Sakarya Victory (August 23-September 13, 1921)
Great Offensive, Commander-in-Chief's Majesty and Great Victory (26 August 9 September 1922)
September 19, 1921 after the Victory of Sakarya Turkey Grand National Assembly gave Mustafa Kemal the rank of Marshal and the title Gazi. The War of Independence was concluded with the Treaty of Lausanne signed on 24 July 1923. Thus, the Treaty of Sevres is shattered, Turkey based national unity on the territory of a country the size of 5-6 provinces left Turkey was no obstacle for the establishment of the new Turkish state.
In Ankara on 23 April 1920, the Republic of Turkey has been heralded by the opening of Parliament. The success of the Turkish National Liberation War led to the establishment of the new Turkish state. On November 1, 1922, the caliphate and the sultanate were separated and the sultanate was abolished. Thus, the administrative ties with the Ottoman Empire were cut off. On October 13, 1923, the Republican administration was accepted and Atatürk was elected the first president by unanimity. On October 30, 1923, İsmet İnönü founded the first government of the Republic. Republic of Turkey, "Sovereignty unconditionally belongs to the nation" and "peace at home peace in the world" began to rise on the basics.
TürkçeAtaturk's Turkey "to the level of contemporary civilization" has made a series of reforms. We can gather these revolutions under five headings:
- Political Revolutions:
· Removal of the Salat (1 November 1922)
· Proclamation of the Republic (October 29, 1923)
· Removal of the Caliphate (March 3, 1924) - Social Revolutions:
· Equal rights for women to men (1926-1934)
· Hats and clothes revolution (25 November 1925)
· Closure of Tekke Zayeviye and TürBaba (November 30, 1925)
· Surname law (21 June 1934)
· Removal of names and titles (November 26, 1934)
· Acceptance of international time, calendar and length measures (1925-1931) - The Law Revolution:
· Removal of Mecellen (1924-1937)
· Transition to the secular law order by removing the Turkish Civil Code and other laws (1924-1937) 4. Educational and Cultural Revolutions:
· Integration of teaching (March 3, 1924)
· Adoption of new Turkish letters (1 November 1928)
· Establishment of Turkish Language and History Institutions (1931-1932)
· Organization of university education (May 31, 1933)
· Innovations in fine arts - Revolutions in the Field of Economy:
· Removal of the case
· Encouragement of farmers
· Establishment of sample farms
· Establishment of industrial establishments by removing the Industrial Promotion Law
· I. and II. Implementation of the Development Plans (1933-1937), new ways of accommodation
According to the Law of Surname, Mustafa Kemal's "Atatürk" surname was given to the Grand National Assembly of Turkey on November 24, 1934.
Ataturk was elected as the President of the Turkish Grand National Assembly on 24 April 1920 and 13 August 1923. This presidential mandate was at the level of the State-Government. In October 29, 1923, the Republic was proclaimed and Atatürk was elected the first president. According to the Constitution, the presidential elections were renewed every four years. In 1927, 1931, 1935, the Turkish Grand National Assembly elected Ataturk to the presidency again. TürkçeAtatürk frequently visited dormitories and supervised state studies on the spot. He gave orders about directions that were not relevant. foreign heads of state visiting Turkey in his capacity as president, the prime minister, ministers and commanders entertained. On October 15-20, 1927, the great speech of the War of Independence and the foundation of the Republic was read, and on October 29, 1933, the 10th Year Nutku was read.
Ataturk lived in his private life in simplicity. On January 29, 1923 she was married to the Latife Hanım. They went out together on many dormitory visits. This marriage lasted until 5 August 1925. Atatürk Afet (İnan), Sabiha (Gökçen), Fikriye, Ülkü, Nebile, Rukiye, Zehra
and the shepherd named Mustafa were spiritually adopted. He took children Abdurrahim and İhsan to his sanctuary. He prepared a good future for the living.
In 1937, he donated his farms to the Treasury and some of his immovables to Ankara and Bursa Municipalities. He has devoted his sister to his spiritual children, Turkish Language and History Institutions. He liked reading books, listening to music, dancing, riding and swimming. Zeybek games, wrestling, Rumeli turklerin had extreme interest. Backgammon and billiards were great fun. With his horse named Sakarya, the dog gave a lot of value to Fox. He created a rich library. They invited state and scientists, artists, and discussed the problems of the country. He used to wear clean and proper. She loved nature. He often went to Atatürk Forest Farm and personally attended the workshops.He knew French and German. On November 10, 1938 at 9.05, he was unable to get rid of the cirrhosis of his illness and kept his eyes alive in Dolmabahçe Palace in Istanbul. The ceremony was held on 21 November 1938 at the Ankara Ethnography Museum, which is a temporary resting place with a ceremony. After Anıtkabir was built, he was buried in a magnificent ceremony on November 10, 1953 at his eternal resting place.
