CUBOCTAHEDRON AS A POTENTIAL EVIDENCE OF THE “CULTURAL BRIDGE” BETWEEN KYOTO AND KAYSERI

CUBOCTAHEDRON AS A POTENTIAL EVIDENCE OF THE
“CULTURAL BRIDGE” BETWEEN KYOTO AND KAYSERI
Hakan Hisarligil
Meliksah University, Turkey
Keywords: Vector equilibrium, cuboctahedron, R.B. Fuller, Kayseri, Kyoto.

1. Introduction
   There are several abstract geometrical forms ascribed to have a symbolic meaning in various
   cultures through history. Among these cuboctahedron, one of 13 Archimedean solids has
   been an interest of art and religion in Japan in the past [1]. Recently the existence of
   cuboctahedron discovered in other cities and countries on the “Silk Road” also leads to
   question whether they represent similar content as well [2]. However the examples here in
   this short text are to be limited to the ones discovered in downtown Kayseri belonging to the
   13th century. Thus, following the trace of cuboctahedron, we will try to demonstrate the
   potential evidences of cultural affiliation between two cities of remote geographies through
   this study.
2. A Brief Outlook to Cuboctahedron
   2.1. Cuboctahedron "By Any Other Name"
   The cuboctahedron is named thusly because it is simply an intersection of a cube and an
   octahedron, as represented in the "Crystal" by M.C. Escher in 1947 [3]. Associating the
   episode "By Any Other Name" of Star Trek TV series (Fig. 1), where aliens seize the
   Enterprise by transforming crew members into inanimate cuboctahedron [4], it is attributed
   numerous names in geometry such as triangular gyrobicupola, cantellated tetrahedron,
   rectified cube and heptaparallelohedron. Buckminster Fuller applied the name "Dymaxion" to
   this shape along with “Vector Equilibrium” [5]. Further, in “sacred geometry” this shape is
   known as “Heart Sphere” or “Terra Prana Sphere”, since it represents both the earth (cube),
   and air/prana (octahedron), implying the perfect synthesis for just about everything [6].
   Fig. 1: Left: Mezzotint "Crystal" by M.C. Escher, 1947, Right: "By Any Other Name ", Star Trek
   2.2. Cuboctahedron through History
   The first appearance of cuboctahedron is in the book titled as “Archimedean Solids”, which
   Pappus of Alexandria lists solids and attributes to Archimedes, though Archimedes makes no
   Archi-Cultural Translations through the Silk Road
   2nd International Conference, Mukogawa Women’s Univ., Nishinomiya, Japan, July 14-16, 2012
   Proceedings
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   mention of these solids in any of his works [7]. Long after, it reappears in Luca Pacioli's book
   “De divina proportione” written around 1497 where all figures are drawn by Leonardo da
   Vinci [8]. Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) was the next to write about the Archimedean solids
   collectively in his book “Harmonices Mundi” [9]. In 1950, Dr. Derald Langham, agricultural
   geneticist and author of “Circle Gardening”, developed the “Genesa Concept” [10]. He
   believed that Genesa crystal is a sacred geometric shape called cuboctahedron that uniquely
   contains within it all of the five platonic solids that are the building blocks for all organic life.
   Cuboctahedron is at the center of Buckminster Fuller’s philosophy. Fuller calls this shape the
   “Vector Equilibrium” meaning as the dynamic balance of tensional cosmic forces, since,
   unlike Cartesian coordinate system, it can strikingly be developed around one nuclear sphere
   [11]. Equilibrium of this kind is also called ‘isotropic vector matrix’ as an omnidirectional
   closest packing around a nucleus about which omnidirectional concentric closest packing of
   equal spheres about form series of vector equilibria of progressively higher frequencies (Fig.
   2). Following Fuller, the physicist Nassim Haramein in his unified field theory suggests that
   the structure of space-time is a cuboctahedral "vector equilibrium". According to his theory,
   the structure can be seen in the close-packed hexagonal cells of honeycombs and bubbles,
   boiling water, and the storms on gas giants [12].
   Fig. 2: Cuboctahedron through history Left: Pappus, Middle: Leonardo da Vinci, Right: Fuller
3. Cuboctahedron in Kyoto and in Kayseri
   3.1. Cuboctahedron in Kyoto
   Cuboctahedron seems to have had a special meaning for religious people in Japan. It is still
   open to discussion that in the past the most revered solid symbol was not the cuboctahedron
   but the Hoju gem, a chest-nut shaped solid. It is known that it had been widely used as
   decorations in furniture and buildings in Japan in the past, since cuboctahedral decorations
   can easily be made and practically used. Lamps called Kiriko, in the shape of cuboctahedra
   were appeared as a lantern in pictures as early as 13th century and they are still used today
   in certain religious ceremonies in memory of the dead (Fig. 3) [13]. Besides, numerous
   examples of Hoju may found in the sanctuary of a shrine or a temple. In particular, a big Hoju
   usually is put on the top of the Gorinto pagoda, a five storied small pagoda, which is the most
   typical monument for the Buddhist in Japan (Fig. 3). This pagoda is made of five blocks
   which symbolizes the earth (a cube), water (a sphere), fire (a square pyramid or sometimes a
   tedrahedron), air (a hemisphere), and the universe (a Hoju), from bottom to top [14]. There is
   an opinion that such construction might be derived from Plato’s book entitled “Timaeus”. If it
   is so, the Hoju represents the regular dodecahedral universe of Plato (Fig. 3).
   Fig. 3: Left: Kiriko lanterns in a Bon ceremony Middle: Pagoda Right: “Hoju” gem
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   Symbolizing the God, it also forms the decoration or monuments such as pagoda, the main
   hall of a temple or shrine (Fig. 4) or at the top of sacred buildings (Fig. 5).
   Fig. 4: A cuboctahedral sacred offering completed in the middle of the 17th century,
   tomb of Tokugawa leyasu, Nikko
   Fig. 5: Cuboctahedral top decorations on Imperial monuments (tea house) in
   Shugakuin Imperial Palace, Kyoto
   Hargittai has also reported that there are some cuboctahedral top decorations on garden
   lantern (“Toro” in Japanese) in Shugakuin Imperial Palace in Kyoto (Fig. 6) [15].
   Fig. 6: Cuboctahedron examples on top of a garden lantern in the Shugakuin Imperial Villa in Kyoto
   3.2. Cuboctahedron in Kayseri
   The first Turkish contact with the political power in Islam was in the 11th century at the hands
   of the Seljuks. Among the many Turkish States and cultures formed throughout history, the
   Seljuks have a very significant place and their art represents an important milestone within
   Turkish art [16]. Involving common specific features of Islamic art and architecture in general,
   numerous works of Seljuk Turks in Anatolia represent abstract geometrical dimension of the
   Muslim World particularly. According to Rabah Saoud, the artists of that era used and
   developed geometrical art for two main reasons: “The first reason is that it provided an
   alternative to the prohibited depiction of living creatures. Abstract geometrical forms were
   particularly favored in mosques because they encourage spiritual contemplation, in contrast
   to portrayals of living creatures, which divert attention to the desires of creatures rather than
   the will of God. Thus geometry became central to the art of the Muslim World, allowing artists
   to free their imagination and creativity. A new form of art, based wholly on mathematical
   shapes and forms, such as circles, squares and triangles, emerged. The second reason for
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   the evolution of geometrical art was the sophistication and popularity of the science of
   geometry in the Muslim world. They also show that early Muslim craftsmen developed
   theoretical rules for the use of aesthetic geometry, denying the claims of some Orientalists
   that Islamic geometrical art was developed by accident (e.g. H. Saladin 1899)” [17]. Indeed,
   the recently discovered Topkapi Scrolls by Gulru Necipoglu [18], dating from the 15th century,
   illustrate the systematic use of geometry by Muslim artists and architects. Further, showing
   how mathematicians instructed artisans, Alpay Ozdural provides us with an insight into the
   explicit collaboration between mathematicians and artisans in the Muslim World [19].
   Remarkable works on Seljuk art (Makovicky, 1992; Alexander, 1993; Lu & Steinhardt, 2007)
   [20] also conclude and suggest that artisans of the era had an intuitive understanding of
   highly complex mathematical problems. Likewise, the recent discovery of numerous
   examples of cuboctahedron of 13th century in Kayseri in 2009 [21], also indicates such a
   complex geometrical content of the art of the era. In fact, cuboctahedron is a quite common
   figure in iron window grills of the buildings of both Seljuk and Ottoman era in Turkey. Further,
   the base of almost all kumbets also implies almost an upper part of a cuboctahedron on the
   ground surface (Fig. 7). However, there has been found no written record indicating their
   existence and possible meaning so far.

Fig. 7: Cuboctahedron on kumbets and iron window grills
Hence, demonstrating the examples discovered in Kayseri, numerous possible meaning will
be attributed to cuboctahedron under the guidance of extensive explanations on
cuboctahedron in “Synergetics” by R.B. Fuller who is putting cuboctahedron at the top of the
cosmic hierarchy as center of creation. The first one is if the cuboctahedron replaced by
some other forms of capital of colonnade such as ‘tree of life’ and ‘muqarnas’ represent
cosmos, humanity or the entire creation with the creator veiled (Fig. 8). Second whether the
niche in the form of cube enclosing almost all examples represents the location of eternal
energy as described by the God in the “Al-Noor” (The Light) verse of holy Quran [22].
Fig. 8: Left: Examples of cuboctahedron enclosed by a niche in the form of cube Right: examples of
‘tree of life’ and muqarnas replacing cuboctahedron
Bearing in mind that octahedron represents “air” and cube represents “earth” for Plato,
cuboctahedron placed in the middle of the arches of main portals associates the balance as
the worldly creatures between ‘earth and sky’ (Fig. 9) [23]. If so, beside this vertical balance,
the animal figures placed on the cuboctahedron, a bird on the left and a lion on the right, at
the main portal of Karatay Caravanserai, would virtually represent the Yin-Yang as the
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‘harmony of opposites’ common both to Eastern and to Western philosophy since ancient
times (Fig. 9) [24].

Fig. 9: Left: Location of cuboctahedron at main portals, Right: Cuboctahedron with animal figures at
Karatay Caravanserai
Further, the octahedron discovered at the main portal of Kilij Aslan Mosque leads us to think
whether the artisans of 13th century have already had the idea of “jitterbug” representing the
phase transformation between cuboctahedron and octahedron as visioned by Fuller at the
end of 20th century (Fig. 10) [25].
Fig. 10: “Jitterbug” representing the phase transformation between cuboctahedron and octahedron

1. Discussion and Conclusion
   After having observed the examples presented above, any one clearly trace that two cities of
   remote geographies, Kayseri and Kyoto, had explicitly shared something common in the
   past: Cuboctahedron. Regardless the differences in terms of size, position and material etc.
   between the examples, they are somehow a form of a secret manifestation of Japanese and
   Turkish designers practicing for either sacred or practical purpose. The examples of
   cuboctahedron of both cultures in their unknown meaning and context can be regarded as
   not only as the evidence of cultural affiliation between two locations but further as the road
   map of guiding throughout both ends of the “Silk Road”. However, having discovered
   numerous other examples in other cities and countries, it is obvious that this limited survey is
   far from covering the subject and geography it deserves. Our hope is that, by drawing the
   attention of scholarly circles on that relatively new and exciting content, the cuboctahedron
   will lead a series of colorful researches bridging the East and the West as it was in the past.