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PHOENIX — One word is sure to surface again and again as Sen. John McCain's legacy is detailed and debated in wake of his decision to discontinue medical treatment for a deadly form of brain cancer.
The "maverick" label defined the Arizona Republican's rise in national politics and his first presidential campaign in 2000.
The description reflected a backstory of heroism and duty during the Vietnam War and fit McCain's efforts to lead bipartisan reforms of the campaign-finance and immigration systems. His central focus on Capitol Hill was national security, a bipartisan concern.
And he eagerly sparred with presidents George W. Bush, Barack Obama and Donald Trump.The maverick reputation suggested an independent streak that played well with some voters in his Senate and presidential runs. McCain himself would use it when it suited him politically.
But it wasn't always a comfortable fit for McCain or even accurate. The former Navy captain and Vietnam prisoner of war could be a partisan brawler and GOP team player, too, much to the exasperation of his admirers in the Democratic Party and the Washington media.
“I don't decide on the labels that I am given. I said I have always acted in what I think is in the best interests of the state and the country, and that's the way that I will always behave.”
John McCain
McCain distanced himself from the maverick label when it became a liability during his bid for the 2008 Republican presidential nomination and in his 2010 and 2016 Senate re-election races. But he never let it go completely, just as critics on the left would use it against him when they felt he wasn't living up to their idea of bipartisanship.
"That was a label that was given to me a long time ago," McCain said in 2010. "I don't decide on the labels that I am given. I said I have always acted in what I think is in the best interests of the state and the country, and that's the way that I will always behave."
In a 2002 memoir, Worth the Fighting For, McCain wrote that he worried "the (maverick) act might be getting a little tired for a man of my years."
But 15 years later, at age 80, McCain settled the argument once and for all when, in the early hours of July 28, 2017, he gave a dramatic thumbs-down to GOP legislation to undo the Affordable Care Act, casting a decisive vote that stalled Republican efforts to gut Obamacare.
Three days before that vote, in a memorable July 25 Senate floor speech, delivered at the height of partisan rancor over whether to repeal or save Obama's Affordable Care Act, McCain made a passionate case for the Senate to return to regular order and the civility and camaraderie for which the upper chamber once was known.
"The most revered members of this institution accepted the necessity of compromise in order to make incremental progress on solving America’s problems and to defend her from her adversaries," McCain said in the remarks, which came less than a week after the disclosure that he was battling a deadly form of brain cancer."That principled mindset and the service of our predecessors who possessed it come to mind when I hear the Senate referred to as the world’s greatest deliberative body," he said. "I’m not sure we can claim that distinction with a straight face today."
In an August 2017 interview with The Arizona Republic, McCain said he was comfortable with people remembering him as the Republican maverick, but he added this:
"I also hope that they recognize what I've done on a lot of issues, especially national defense."
Legislative contributions
John McCain, R-Ariz., kicks back in his chair March 23, 2001, and makes a phone call while working in his Capitol Hill office in Washington during the Senate debate of the McCain-Finegold campaign-finance reform bill.
John McCain, R-Ariz., kicks back in his chair March 23, 2001, and makes a phone call while working in his Capitol Hill office in Washington during the Senate debate of the McCain-Finegold campaign-finance reform bill. (Photo: Associated Press)
In the legislative arena, McCain's work on the influential Senate Armed Services Committee — he became chairman in 2015 — and on defense policy were among his most lasting contributions.
His namesake campaign-finance-reform bill, which sought to combat the pervasive influence of special-interest money in politics, became law in 2002. But the Supreme Court overturned key parts, including regulations on independent corporate and union spending on political advertisingEstablishment GOP pick in 2008
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John McCain: 2008 Republican presidential candidate
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Republican presidential candidate, Sen. John McCain, R-Ariz., is joined by his wife Cindy while he speaks to reporters March 31, 2008, during his service to America tour in Meridian, Mississippi. Associated Press
After his experience in 2000, McCain had reinvented himself as the GOP-establishment favorite by the time he launched his 2008 presidential campaign seven years later.
But financial troubles nearly upended his machine, and by summer 2007 McCain was running on a tight budget, preaching the need for victory in the unpopular Iraq War while stumping at town-hall-style events in Veterans of Foreign Wars meeting halls and similar venues all over Iowa, New Hampshire and South Carolina.
► June 17: Meghan McCain calls John McCain 'greatest father in the world'
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"I'd rather lose a campaign than lose a war," McCain would say of the risk that his Iraq War stance posed to his political prospects.
In what was seen as a major comeback, McCain won the GOP nomination over rivals such as former Massachusetts Gov. Mitt Romney, former New York City Mayor Rudy Giuliani and former Arkansas Gov. Mike Huckabee.
“In the process of running in the 2008 election, there were multiple moments in that campaign where you saw him elevate above the moment and refuse to go in a direction that perhaps some wanted him to go. It was a testament to his character.”
Sen. Marco Rubio, R-Fla.
Asthe party's nominee, McCain picked "Country First" as his slogan. But few political experts gave him much of a chance at defeating Democratic nominee Barack Obama — a fresh and exciting figure in U.S. politics — given the profound unpopularity of Bush and the war, and the financial crisis that threatened to wreck the economy.
In the end, McCain's attempt to revive the "maverick" brand didn't changes voters' perceptions. His campaign and foreign policy were painted as extensions of Bush's presidency, and it stuck.
Whether his pick of then-Alaska Gov. Sarah Palin, chosen to help shore up the conservative base that distrusted him, hurt or helped remains a matter of debate. But some blame McCain's choice of Palin for the rise of right-wing populism that eventually led to Trump's election in 2016.
"One, Barack Obama was a very, very strong candidate and that's the most important thing," McCain told The Republic in an interview in August 2017. "Second, when the stock market collapsed, it really sent us into a real drop. Third of all, I guess, Americans were ready for a change, too.
"But I'd like to emphasize the first thing I said: Barack Obama was an incredibly impressive candidate, and he did a great job campaigning," he said.
For some hard-right Republicans, McCain didn't hit Obama, the first African-American nominee of a major party, hard enough or often enough out of what they considered a fear of being tagged a racist.
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McCain declined to make an issue of the Rev. Jeremiah Wright, Obama's former pastor in Chicago who had made a string of controversial political statements in his fiery sermons, including rejecting the slogan "God Bless America" for "God Damn America."
In another memorable moment, McCain corrected a woman at a town hall meeting who said she couldn't trust Obama because he was "an Arab."
"No, ma'am. He's a decent, family man, citizen, that I just happen to have disagreements with on fundamental issues. And that's what this campaign is all about," McCain said.
McCain's honorable campaigning seems quaint when viewed through the lens of Trump's 2016 scorched-earth assault on his Democratic rival, Hillary Clinton. Just eight years after McCain received the party's nomination, Republicans would chant "Lock her up!" at the Republican National Convention in Cleveland.
But Rubio recalled McCain's exchange with the woman who said Obama was an Arab as "an iconic moment" in presidential campaign history.
"In the process of running in the 2008 election, there were multiple moments in that campaign where you saw him elevate above the moment and refuse to go in a direction that perhaps some wanted him to go," Rubio said. "It was a testament to his character."
Stature, seniority on Capitol Hill
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John McCain: From the Navy to Arizona senator
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Vice Adm. John S. McCain Sr. with his son, Cmdr. John S. McCain Jr., on board a U.S. Navy ship (probably USS Proteus, AS-19) in Tokyo Bay, circa September 1945. McCain Jr. is father to Arizona Sen. John McCain. Naval History and Heritage Command
McCain never settled his differences with the far-right wing of the Republican Party despite being the party's 2008 standard-bearer. At one point, Arizona party activists censured him as too liberal on issues such as immigration.
With his seniority and national profile, McCain's clout in the Senate grew. He got a reputation as a Senate heavyweight who could get things done.
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In 2015, McCain, the classic Senate hawk on foreign policy, got his Capitol Hill dream job, taking the Armed Services Committee gavel.
As the panel's chairman, McCain was in his element, whether it was working to reform the Defense Department's weapons-acquisition process to curb waste, grilling Pentagon officials on policy or strategy or blasting disruptive anti-war demonstrators as "lowlife scum" as he ordered them out of the hearing room.
"This is a deeply passionate individual who has a sense of tackling injustice, whether it's the suffering in Syria or what (Russian President) Vladimir Putin has done," Rubio said. "When he locks on, he's going to lock on. Very few things are going to move him off of it."
The Cold War standoff between the United States and Soviet Union greatly influenced McCain's worldview. As a naval aviator, he was stationed on the nuclear aircraft carrier USS Enterprise off Cuba during the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis, and he was a relentless critic of Putin, whom he often called a murderer and a thug.
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Putin officially sanctioned McCain in 2014. A few years later, a Kremlin spokesman said McCain was known for his "maniacal hatred towards our country."
McCain urged the United States to stand up to Putin's threat:
We need to be strong and steadfast.
Vladimir Putin is no fool. And he's going to figure out the profit and loss from actions that he can take.
We have to make it clear to him that the cost exceeds the benefit.
And that doesn't mean we're back in the Cold War. But it does mean that we take a realistic approach to Vladimir Putin and his ambitions."
McCain's foreign-affairs outlook is set to live on through Arizona State University's McCain Institute for International Leadership, which the senator helped start in 2012 with unspent money from his 2008 presidential campaign.
Through studying and debating world issues, the institute aims to groom new generations of global leaders and scholars.
Spirit of bipartisanship
GOP Sen. John McCain of Arizona, Armed Services Committee chairman, and ranking Democrat Jack Reed of Rhode Island, visit with Secretary of Defense James Mattis on June 13, 2017, before a Capitol Hill hearing.
GOP Sen. John McCain of Arizona, Armed Services Committee chairman, and ranking Democrat Jack Reed of Rhode Island, visit with Secretary of Defense James Mattis on June 13, 2017, before a Capitol Hill hearing. (Photo: Getty Images)
McCain's chairmanship of the Armed Services Committee was, like much of his work in the Senate, marked with a spirit of bipartisanship. He worked well with Sen. Jack Reed, D-R.I., the committee's ranking Democrat.
The committee turned out annual defense authorization bills that would pass the Senate overwhelmingly.
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"That's because all these years I've developed all these relationships with these guys and women, that we trust each other," McCain told The Republic.
Even before he became chairman, McCain was able to get many of his priorities included in the must-pass defense bill, including December 2014 language to allow a federal land swap needed for a massive copper mine near Superior, Arizona. The project is expected to provide jobs and an economic boost to the area.
"I think it has a lot to do with national security," McCain said at the time. "This mine, when it's fully operational, will supply 25 percent of America's copper supply, and that is a national security issue."
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As the committee's chairman, McCain made overhauling defense acquisition one of his biggest priorities.
"In the last three National Defense Authorization Acts, Senator McCain has championed sweeping measures to reform, streamline and improve the defense acquisition system," Julie Tarallo, McCain's spokeswoman, said in November. "There is a long way to go to ensure America's weapons systems are delivered on time and at cost."
Immigration reform failure
Sens. John McCain (left) and Jeff Flake answer questions
Sens. John McCain (left) and Jeff Flake answer questions at an immigration-reform forum in Mesa on Aug. 27, 2013. The U.S. senators from Arizona expressed hope the House will take up the issue. (Photo: Tom Tingle/The Republic)
McCain's bipartisan efforts yielded mixed results on other issues.
Even though McCain never sat on the Veterans' Affairs Committee, his fellow Senate Republicans tapped him as the lead negotiator on a VA reform bill that he developed with Sen. Bernie Sanders, I-Vt.,the committee's then-chairman.
► August 2017: McCain aims to revive immigration reform upon return to Congress
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The compromise legislation rose from a nationwide scandal about wait times that unfolded at the Carl T. Hayden VA Medical Center in Phoenix.
The failure of comprehensive immigration reform to become law after years of trying was perhaps his biggest disappointment.
McCain worked on the issue for more than a decade. His belief in legislation that balanced border security with a foreign-worker program and a pathway to citizenship for millions of undocumented immigrants who have settled in the country hurt him politically with many anti-"amnesty" voters in his own party.
► July 2017: Senate narrowly defeats repeal of Obamacare as McCain votes no
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A 2013 compromise he helped write as part of the bipartisan Gang of Eight, which also included Rubio, passed the Senate. But the Republican-controlled House of Representatives refused to consider it.
McCain viewed the issue as crucial for his home state — and his party's future — and gave this advice to Arizona Republicans who refuse to budgeon the issue:
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"I would tell them to recognize that Arizona is a state that is undergoing change," McCain told The Republic. "We have a growing Hispanic population. We have a growing influx of people from states like California. I think they've got to be attuned to the demographics of Arizona.
"We ought to understand that Arizona is a state that is changing and, arguably, for the better."