Are you an anxious person? A type-A perfectionist? Prone to depression? Highly stressed? Then there’s a good chance that you aren’t sleeping well. It’s long been known among sleep experts that insomniacs tend to have certain personality traits—most of them not all that positive. And a new paper published in Lancet Psychiatry only furthers the evidence. Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience researcher Tessa Blanken and her team studied the personality traits and life histories of 2,224 study participants diagnosed with probable insomnia disorder between 2010 and 2016 and traced insomnia to five personality types.
Type 1 or “highly distressed” people feel very active and anxious right before bedtime and are prone to depression.
Type 2 folks—“moderately distressed, reward sensitive”—are similar to type 1 in that their minds also start racing before bedtime, but they tend to be more receptive to happy or pleasurable emotions. Type 2 personalities reported higher than average levels of insomnia due to stress, which made Blanken theorize that these personalities may experience a type of insomnia called psychophysiological insomnia, which causes stress over sleep itself (therefore keeping them awake).
Type 3, “moderately distressed, reward insensitive” people, are extremely unhappy and generally pessimistic. Although they’re not receptive to happy feelings, type 3 personalities aren’t as likely to have diagnosed depression as type 2s.
Type 4 people are “slightly distressed, high reactivity”—less distressed over life in general, but with difficulty sleeping based on life events, such as financial or relationship troubles, according to Blanken’s study. While most people may lose some sleep after a breakup, for example, type 4 personalities have longer and more sustained insomnia than usual. They also tended to have trauma in their childhoods.
Type 5 or “slightly distressed, low reactivity” insomniacs also struggle to sleep because of life events, but they have less intense reactions to these events and also report less trauma in childhood than type 4s. This personality type also shows low levels of motivation, according to the study. Both type 5 personalities and type 4 personalities are more likely to develop insomnia in their 40s.
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All of these insomnia-prone personalities align with what sleep researchers already know, according to Rafael Pelayo, MD, a sleep specialist at the Stanford Sleep Medicine Center. And it makes sense that people who are prone to depression, high stress, and other negative moods would have trouble sleeping. “People sleep best in states of serenity,” he says. “You sleep best when you feel safe, comfortable, and loved.”
The “distressed” personality types Blanken points out in her paper are people who probably don’t feel serene all that often. And there’s a scientific explanation for your brain’s need for serenity to shut down properly for several hours every night. It’s all about keeping your body safe.
While everyone has to sleep, we sleep differently when things are going well versus when they aren’t, Dr. Pelayo says. If your body is in any kind of immediate danger (like if someone yells "Fire!" or "Earthquake!"), then your brain will avoid sleeping completely. But if the danger it perceives is long-term (like chronic stress or depression), the brain can’t just stay awake all the time and wait for the danger to pass. “It goes into a mode of sleeping where it sleeps in spurts and gets as little sleep as possible,” Dr. Pelayo says. “And that’s what insomnia is—it’s this kind of survival mode of sleeping.”
It’s similar for people who are perfectionists. Dr. Pelayo works in Silicon Valley, and he and his colleagues see a lot of software engineers come to the sleep center with complaints of insomnia. Generally, he says, it’s because their brains are unwilling to leave a problem unsolved. “People who are perfectionists or have obsessive-compulsive disorder tend toward insomnia because they try to fix things, and you only fix things by staying awake,” he says. “[Insomnia] can be a thinker's condition.”
Maybe that sounds noble: You can’t sleep because you’re too good at your job. But losing sleep makes people less productive and less focused at work, which means your sleeplessness probably translates into fewer problems solved—and therefore even less sleep. It’s a vicious cycle.
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