GUIDING PRINCIPLES OF DIAGNOSIS IN SIDDHA
To diagnose a disease, Siddhars investigate the cause of the disease, the signs and symptoms, complications if any, and pathological tissue (udal kooru) changes. They examine both the body and the disease together to arrive at a conclusion regarding the condition or disease. For diagnosis, two paths are followed, viz., approach to the disease called Noi naadal and determination of etiology of the disease called Noi mudal naadal. Essentially, the Siddha system follows a unique methodology in diagnosis of disease. It consists of eight criteria for physical examination and is called ‘Envagai thervu’.
These include:
i. Tongue (Naa)
ii. Colour (Niram)
iii. Speech (Mozhi)
iv. Eyes (Vizhi)
v. Stool (Malam)
vi. Urine (Moothiram)
vii. Touch (Sparisam)
viii. Pulse (Naadi)
Out of these eight entities, methods used for physical examination of urine (Neerkuri and Neikkuri) and pulse are unique to Siddha and act as confirmatory diagnostic tools.
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION OF URINE:
1. Neerkuri (Symptoms expressed in urine) : This is the physical examination of urine which deals with the colour, smell, quantity, frequency, specific gravity, frothiness and taste of urine.
2. Neikkuri: This is a method in which a drop of gingelly oil is dropped over a urine sample. The spreading pattern exhibited by the oil droplet over the surface of urine gives a confirmatory clue that helps in the diagnosis of the disease.
PULSE: Diagnosis using pulse is a very important aspect of Siddha and is the method developed by Siddhars to extend our sensual perceptions to the interior of our body to diagnose and confirm illnesses. In other words, it performs the job of present day inventions like stethoscope and sphygmomanometers. The pulse movements (pulsations) are compared to the movement of different animals according to the intensity felt for easy interpretation. It is felt mainly at 10 points, out of which the one felt over radial artery is considered the best and is felt in left hand for females and in right hand for males. It is usually felt using 3 fingers (viz, index, middle and ring fingers) in view of assessing the states of vaatham, pitham and kabham simultaneously.
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