History The formation of the United States of America
History of the United States of America (USA / United States of America) interesting to note because America is a super power world that controls the world economy, military, and world technology.
The United States is located in the middle of the North American continent, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. the United States stretches from the Atlantic Ocean on the east coast to the Pacific Ocean on the west coast, including the Hawaiian archipelago in the Pacific Ocean, Alaska state on the northern tip of the Americas, and several other territories.
the first settlers of the region that is now the United States came from Asia about 15,000 years ago. They crossed the Bering land bridge to Alaska. Furthermore, Native Americans have settled in the region for thousands of years. in 1492, ChristopherColumbus made it to America. The English then settled in Jamestown, Virginia in 1607. This settlement was considered the first settlement in the United States. Furthermore, the United States continues to be visited by the British people. French, Spanish, and Dutch also settled in parts of the United States. The development of British colonies ended up bad for Native Americans, as many of them died from illness, and they lost their country.
United States was formed from 13 former British colonies after the American Revolution after the declaration of independence on July 4, 1776. This war began because the colonists felt unfairly treated by the British.
After the Revolution, the United States faced many problems, such as slavery. in the 1800s, the US gained a lot of territory and began to be indoctrinated. From 1861 to 1865, the American Civil War raged between the North and the South. This war was caused by a dispute over the rights of the state, slavery, and future of the United States. several states in the South left the United States and established the Confederation.
The North won the war, and the countries that had left the union returned to the United States. The country then went through a period of reconstruction. in the late 1800s, many Europeans came to the United States and worked in large factories. At the beginning of the 20th century, the US became a world power. Its economy is one of the largest in the world. The country is also involved in World Wars I and II.
after World War II, the United States was involved in the Cold War with the Soviet Union. During the Cold War, the government spent much on defense. The US was involved in the Korean and Vietnamese Wars, and also sent Neil Armstrong and other Americans into space. in 1991, the Soviet Union collapsed and the cold war ended. The Middle East became important to America, especially after the September 11, 2001 attacks. Today, the United States is a superpower, but it still faces some problems.
PRE-COLUMBUS
the ancestors of Native Americans came from Asia. They crossed the Bering land bridge to Alaska.
Bering land bridge, also known as Beringia, is a land bridge. on its farthest line from north to south, is approximately 1,600 km long, connecting Alaska now with eastern Siberia at various times in the Pleistocene ice age. the ice is not covered by the snow that descends very little because the southwest winds that blow from the Pacific Ocean have lost most of its water vapor over the snow-capped Alaska Mountains.
Bering Strait, Chukchi Sea to the north and Bering Sea to the south, all are shallow sea (map, right). in the global cooling cycle, as happened most recently in ice ages, there is a considerable amount of seawater concentrated in ice peaks in the Arctic and Antarctica so that a decrease in the uniform sea level (eustatic) exposes the shallow seabed. other land bridges around the world have been formed and re-sealed in the same way: some 14,000 years ago, the Australian mainland was linked both to New Guinea and Tasmania, the British Isles were an extension of mainland Europe through the English Channeland the dry basin of the South China Sea connect Sumatra, Java and Kalimantan with mainland Asia.
.Pre-Columbian times were the period before Christopher Columbus's arrival to America in 1492. In those days, Native Americans settled in the United States. they have a different culture: the natives of the eastern United States are hunting; indigenous people in the northwest United States catch fish; natives in the southwest planted corn and built a house called a pueblo; and the natives of Great Plains hunted bison.
Indian tribes
Indian tribes are the first North American settlers to come from Asia more than 20,000 years ago. Following the hunted animals, they wandered through the Bering Strait (formerly a precarious, now Asian and North American split). Gradually they settled and developed into various tribes. for centuries they built a regular society. In the 16th century, Europeans arrived in North America for the first time. Because they thought they had arrived in India (Asia), they mistakenly called the indigenous people "Indians". Europeans want the land. Therefore, the existence of indigenous people is threatened. the Indians then fought against the new settlers. In the nineteenth century, the Indians fought against the US government who tried to evict them. Through this fierce struggle, the Indians were transferred to a reservat, a special area for them. Until now many Indians still live there.
colonial era
The English tried to erect settlements on Roanoke Island in 1585, but did not last long. In 1607, the first surviving British settlement stood in Jamestown, Virginia. the settlement was founded by John Smith, John Rolfe, and other British people interested in wealth and adventure. Colonies in Virginia almost failed to survive due to illness and starvation, but succeeded because of tobacco planting.
in 1621, a group of Englishmen dubbed the Pilgrim Fathers (the man who escaped in conflict with the church) settled in Plymouth, Massachusetts. Larger colonies were built in the Bay of Massachusetts by Puritans in 1630rather than finding gold, Pilgrims and Puritans are more interested in making a better society, which they call "the city on a hill." Roger Williams, who was kicked out of Massachusetts, founded the colony in Rhode Island in 1636.
English is not the only country that settled in what is now the United States. In the 1500s, Spain established a fortress in Saint Augustine, Florida. France settled in Canada and the area around the Great Lakes. the Dutch established a colony in New York, which they called Nieuw Nederland. Other areas were settled by Scottish-Irish, German, and Swedish.
The development of the colony is a bad thing for Native Americans. they lost their country, and many of them died from variola, a disease brought by Europeans to America.
In the early 1700s, there emerged a religious movement called the Revival Movement. the Awakening movement was one of the first events in American history that was a "great movement", or something that involved many Americans. the Revival Movement, together with Salem Witch's Doom, was a response to the current American situation, and probably influenced the thinking used in the American Revolution.
In 1733, there were thirteen colonies. these colonies are usually grouped into New England (New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Connecticut), Central colonies (New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware), and the South (Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia). new England has small farms, and is more dependent on fisheries, shipping, and small industries. Southern colonies have tobacco and cotton farms. these gardens were originally worked on by workers who were willing to work for several years with the entrance fee to America and land, then by slaves. The middle colonies have small farms, and are known to have diverse cultures and beliefs.
The thirteen colonies are tied to the "Atlantic economy", which involves the use of ships for the slave trade, tobacco, rum, sugar, gold, spices, fish, wood, and produce, between America, West Indies, Europe and Africa. New York, Philadelphia, Boston, and Charleston were the major cities and ports of the time.
From 1754 to 1763, Britain and France became involved in a war called the Seven Years War. England won the war. France surrendered its colonies in Canada to England, and handed Louisiana over to Spain; Spain handed Florida over to England. Subsequently, the British issued the Proclamation of 1763, stating that people living in thirteen colonies could not settle west of the Appalachians.
the Great Awakening movement was spearheaded by the rise of Pietism that plagued Europe and America. This movement is described as a unique wave that also colored the rise of colonial countries in 1740-1742. this movement became known as the beginning of the evangelical movement. There are four periods of this revival movement. each of which has a very rapidly spreading characteristic, led by evangelical pastors, gives a sharp increase in religious interest and has a profound effect on guilt and forgiveness of a person. this has led to evangelical churches having great leaps in numbers and bringing new forms of religious movement and denominations (including the Baptist Church).
the punishment of Salem Witch is the punishment of the accused witches in County Essex, Suffolk, and Middlesex, in the Massachusetts colony between February 1692 and May 1693. This event is described as the danger of religious extremism and false accusation.
the American revolution
After the Seven Year War, the colonists began to feel they were not getting their rights. In addition to the result of the Proclamation of 1763, they felt unfairly treated because of the tax levied by the British government. the colonists declare "No tax without representation", which means they ask that they have a vote in the British Parliament. These include Sugar Act (1764), Stamp Act (1765), Townsend Duties (1767), and Tea Act (1773). In 1770, the Boston Tea Party happened. colonists in Boston dumped hundreds of boxes of tea from ships in Boston Harbor, in response to the Tea Act. The British army then took over Boston, which resulted in the establishment of a Continental Congress, consisting of leaders of every 13 colonies. Key figures in the congress were Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, John Hancock, Roger Sherman, and John Jay.
In 1776, Thomas Paine wrote the Common Sense pamphlet, which states that the colonies must be independent from Britain. on July 4, 1776, the thirteenth colonies agreed to the United States Declaration of Independence. The colonists have been involved in a battle with Britain in the American Revolutionary War. The war began in 1775 in Lexington and Concord. although American troops under the leadership of George Washington suffered a great deal of defeat, they won the war after victory at Yorktown assisted by France. The Treaty of Paris was signed, and Britain withdrew all its troops from the United States.
the Declaration of Independence was a deed of the Second Continental Congress adopted on 4 July 1776 stating that the Thirteen Colonies were independent from the United Kingdom. this declaration, most of which was written by Thomas Jefferson, explains justification or justification for escape, and is the development of Lee's Resolution of 2 July which for the first time declared US independence. a copy of this declaration was signed by the delegates on 2 August and is currently on display at the National Archives and Records Administration in Washington, D.C. This declaration is considered one of the founding documents of the United States and the 4th of July is celebrated as Independence Day.
FEDERAL pERIOD 1781-1815
In 1781, the colonies prepared a Union through Articles of Confederation, but it could only last for six years. Much of the power is left to the states, and there is little power of the central government. besides, there is no president. The Articles of Confederation also can not stop the Native Americans or Britons on the border, nor can they stop rebellions like the Shays' Rebellion. after Shays' uprising, many people feel Articles of Confederation has failed.
The Constitution of the United States was written in 1787.figures who helped write the constitution, such as Washington, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and Gouverneur Morris, were the major thinkers of America at the time. Some leaders will hold important positions in the new government. the constitution establishes a stronger, three-pronged national government: executives (the President and his cabinet), the legislature (the House of Representatives of the Rites and the Senate), and the judiciary (federal court). This constitution was ratified by the states in 1788.
George Washington
In 1789, Washington was elected the first president. In his tenure, the Whiskey Uprising erupted. Farmers in the countryside try to stop the collection of taxes on whiskey. In 1795, Congress approved the Treaty of Jay, which opened trade with Britain. this treaty was made with the aim of improving relations with Britain. Thomas Jefferson and James Madison strongly opposed this tractate.
In the election of 1796, John Adams defeated Thomas Jefferson. This election is an election between the first two political parties in the United States. as president, Adams made the US Army and Sea become bigger, but also issued a law to cover newspapers that wrote bad things about it.
Jefferson managed to defeat Adams in the election of 1800one of the important things he did as president was to buy Louisiana from France. Jefferson sent Lewis and Clark to map Louisiana Purchases. President Jefferson also tried to stop trade with Britain and France, who were involved in the war. wars erupted between the United States and Britain in 1812 when James Madison was president. This war is called War 1812.
EXPANSION, INDUSTRIALIZATION, AND BANKING (1815-1861)
One of the problems in this period was slavery. in 1861, more than three million African-Americans became slaves to the South. Most of them work picking cotton on large estates. The South wants to keep slavery, while the North is trying to end it.
after the War of 1812, America experienced a "Good Feelings Era" under President James Madison and James Monroe. Under Monroe, the United States policy in North America is the Monroe Doctrine, which states that the American continent can no longer be colonized by European countries. at this time, Congress called for an "American system," which is to spend money on banking, transportation and communications, to make cities bigger and factories built. One of the major transportation projects of the time was the Erie Canal in New York. in the 1840s, a railway line was also built. Thousands of miles of rail and telegraph lines have been built in the United States in 1860.
Industry in the United States is also growing. Many factories are built in northeast cities such as Lowell, Massachusetts. most factories produce clothing. Most of the workers in the factory are women, and some are children from Ireland and Germany. Despite the industrialization, the livelihoods of most Americans at that time were farmers.
in the early and mid-1800s, the Second Awakening Movement was launched. The movement began in New York The Revival Movement is closely linked to the anti-slavery movement in the United States.
Andrew Jackson was elected president in 1828.most of his supporters are poor people who never voted before, so he gave them a job as a "gift". In addition, he also set a high import tax that is not favored by the South. Jackson's vice president, John Ccalhoun, who is from the South, writes that the South should stop the policy and leave the United States.
People began to move west of the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains at this time. the first people who moved to the West were the ones who sold animal skins. In the 1840s, many people moved to Oregon, and more and more people moved to the West after the California Gold Rush of 1849Native Americans are increasingly urged by events such as expulsions (called the Trail of Tears) and the Black Hawk War.
In 1845, Texas, who had left Mexico, joined the United States. Mexico does not like this, and America wants the Mexican region on the West Coast. As a result, the Mexican-American War erupted. The US managed to win this war, and acquired the territory of California and the Southwest United States. people in the North do not like this war, because they feel this war is only for the benefit of the South.
California Gold rush occurs when a number of people go to the mountains of California to find gold, which began when James Wilson Marshall discovered gold when building a sawmill for John Sutter in 1848. Hundreds of thousands of people went to California. however, some people remain at home and open a supplier store that supplies them all with mine equipment.
Many people get rich, but some are not. Besides trying to find gold, some people start selling things. sometimes a woman can receive more than her mine husband. People like Levi Strauss also sell goods. He finds and sells jeans made from denim. California's Gold rush ended in 1855, by which time gold miners returned home because gold was harder to find.
The Mexican-American War occurred between 1846 and 1848 between the United States and Mexico. The war comes from land disputes.
this war ended with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848. The treaty gave much of the land to the United States from Mexico. In turn, Mexico received 15 million dollars. Outside of this land, the US is slicing many states, including California, Arizona, and Utah.
AMERICAN BROTHERS
Map of the state division during the American Civil War.the blue color indicates the North Country (Union), the light blue color indicates the member of the North Country that allows slavery, the red color indicates the Confederate States of America, and the white color indicates the states that did not join the Civil War
in the 1840s and 1850s, North and South were less fond of each other due to differences, such as:
The North economy is based on industry, while the South is agrarian.
The northern states do not require slaves, while the South requires slaves. the people in the South are also angry with books like Uncle Tom's Cabin stating that slavery is wrong.
The North has a Republican Party, while the South has a Democratic Party.
Different views on federal government power.
Civil war is a war that occurred between 1861 and 1865 in the United States (US). A group of states in the south want independence, while governments and northern states want to keep the US intact.
the American Civil War is to be one of the first wars to show industrial arms wars in human history. The making of railways, steamers, mass production of weapons, and various other military tools is done everywhere. the total war practices developed by Sherman in Georgia and the trench war around Petersburg became one of the tactics used in World War I in Europe.
Map of the state division during the American Civil War. the blue color indicates the North Country (Union), the light blue color indicates the member of the North Country that allows slavery, the red color indicates the Confederate States of America, and the white color indicates states that do not participate in the American Civil War
Cause
in the South, many people become slaves belonging to others, and most of the work in the fields is done by them. While the northern states have decided to make laws that say no one can have / enslave others. the northern states are called "free states" and in the southern "slave states". Moreover, most US-owned land in the west has not yet been divided into states, but territories, where non-indigenous populations live. unlike the state, the territory does not help decide who will be president and the territory does not send its representatives to Washington, DC to legislate the whole country. many white people moved there and everyone agreed that one day all territories should be called states. In the north, people want the states to be a free country. In the south, people want it to be a slave state. abraham Lincoln is from the north and as he races for president, he says that all the states will be free states even though he does not plan to order every slave in the slave state. slave owners in the south are also afraid of some who say they want to make it a crime to have slaves in all parts of the US. Many people in the north live in towns and work in factories and they want policies that help their economies. but many people in the south live in small towns and work on farms, and want a policy that supports their economy. They often can not agree on the best decision.
when Lincoln won the election and became the new president, many slave states broke away the US and formed a new state, the Confederate State of America, which is capitalized in Richmond, Virginia.
on February 4, 1861, before Lincoln went to office, the seven states had already declared joining the Union. The situation was tapered on March 4 and a small uprising began to emerge. until the end of 1861, Missouri and Kentucky were divided, Pro-South (Confederation) and Pro-North (Union / Government)
there are 23 states loyal to the Union during the war: California, Delaware, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentuky, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, and Wisconsin.
while 7 states are members of the Confederation, namely: South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas. In this civil war, Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina followed to join the Confederacy. to confront the war, the Confederate state formed the Confederate Army.
There are two important areas where the war took place-in the western and eastern regions.
In the eastern region, there are the US capital, Washington, District of Columbia, and the Confederate capital in Richmond. both cities are only 90 miles away. In this area, the Confederate military leader is Robert E. Lee. lee was a genius general who won many battles, including the First Bull Run Battle, and the Second Battle of Bull Run and managed to press Union forces backwards, until successfully constrained by Union forces in the Battle of Antietam. however, the Battle of Gettysburg was the turning point of this war. The Battle of Gettysburg cost a lot of casualties, both from Union and Confederate, but the number of Confederate troops was fewer than that of Union forces, so obviously the loss was in the Confederacy. since this war, the Confederates have hardly ever launched an attack.
In the western region, the Mississippi River area. In this region, many Confederate troops suffered defeat. Union forces led by Ulysses Grant (who later became President of the United States) won many battles here. Union forces occupied almost every town on the Mississippi river, but the Confederacy still holds Vicksburg. On July 4, 1863, Vicksburg finally surrendered to Ulysses. this divides the Confederate region into two parts and paves the way for attacking the defensive heart of the Confederacy.
Lincoln decided that Ulysses was his best general. He appointed Ulysses as general in the east. Grant attacks Lee back in Operation Appomattox. lee realizes his troop has lost a lot and he finally surrendered to Grant on April 9, 1985. Lee's surrender marked the destruction of the Confederate country.
victory for Union in addition to ending the Confederate states, also ending the practice of slavery in the United States, and strengthening the position of the federal government. Social, political, economic, and racial problems after the battle was completed in 1877.
The battle of Antietam, also known as the Sharpsburg Battle of the Southern United States, occurred on 17 September 1862 near Sharpsburg, Maryland. This battle is a major battle in the Northern United States. Antietam's battle was the bloodiest one-day battle in US history, about 23,000 soldiers were killed in the incident. although tactically unfinished as Robert Edward Lee of the Confederate State of America withdrew his troops to Virginia, this war gave the Northern victory so that Abraham Lincoln declared the Emancipation Proclamation on 1 January 1863.
the battle of Gettysburg (1-3 July 1863), taking place around the city of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, as part of the Gettysburg Campaign, was the battle with the greatest number of casualties in the American Civil War and was considered a turning point. the Union managed to win this battle against the Confederacy.
Appomattox military operations (March 29, 1865 - April 9, 1865) were a series of battles in Virginia that ended with the surrender of the Northern Virginia army under the command of Confederate General Robert E.lee and marked the completion of the American Civil War.
Since June 1864, Union troops under the command of Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant have already surrounded Lee's forces in the city of Petersburg, Virginia. Both sides spent the winter in a series of trenches in an area of nearly 56 km. after during the winter, Grant pushed bit by bit to the west, the Confederate army widened the line of defense. But they lacked the soldiers, the one kilometer line of defense only defended by about 625 soldiers. lee knew that his troops could not survive continuously, and wanted to get out of siege in the springtime, when the rain stopped and the roads could be passed again.
Appomattox's military operation was preceded by the Battle of Fort Stedman March 25, 1865 which became the final battle at the Siege of Petersburg. General Lee's recent attempt to penetrate Lieutenant General Grant in Petersburg resulted in a large number of victims on the Confederate side. lee tried to prevent Grant from grabbing the only South Side Railway on the Confederate's supply line. If Grant was captured, the Confederate Army would have lost.
Lee has just been appointed as the commander of all Confederate soldiers. for nearly three years, his post was commander of the Northern Virginia forces. After escaping from siege in Petersburg, Lee plans to resign to the southwest, supplying army supplies in Lynchburg, Virginia, and heading south. there, the Virginia Army might be able to join the forces of General Joseph E. Johnston in North Carolina. Lee hopes to defeat the Union forces under the command of Major General William T. Sherman who is fighting against Johnston's forces. and together with Johnston's army, Lee plans to attack Grant's army. in an effort to break the siege, Lee moves his troops to the right wing of the frontline.
Meanwhile, Grant gets an extra troop. Major General Philip Sheridan has returned from the Shenandoah Valley. James's army under the command of Major General Edward Ord joined the front line of Petersburg, so troops under the command of Major General Gouverneur K. Warren and Andrew A. Humphreys could get ready to attack Lee's army.
RECONSTRUCTION AND GILDED AGE
Lincoln was re-elected as president in 1864.however, while attending a drama at Ford's Theater, Washington, D.C., he was shot by John Wilkes Booth. Lincoln became the first American president to have been killed. He was replaced by Andrew Johnson.
At this time, the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments were approved. then the slaves were freed and became citizens. They also have voting rights. Congress at that time was dominated by the "Radical Republican", who wanted to punish the South after the Civil War. They disliked Johnson and almost quit his post. they also sent many soldiers to the South and forced the South to approve the 14th and 15th amendments. The South disliked this, and made the law "Jim Crow" which placed blacks in low roles and forced them to work as poor farmers. White people in the South also established the Ku Klux Klan that attacked blacks.
The United States was visited by immigrants from various countries, such as Ireland, Italy, Germany, Eastern Europe, and China. most of them work in large factories and live in big cities, such as New York City, Chicago, and Boston. They usually inhabit small, poor, and adjacent apartments. These immigrants are often used as "political machines". they are given jobs and money, in exchange for voting in the election.
The "political machines" had taken over the government in the last decade of the nineteenth century. Most presidents are elected because of the political machine. big business owners often have more power than governments. Examples are John D. Rockefeller, Andrew Carnegie, and J.P. Morgan.
The transcontinental railway line was completed in 1869. It facilitated transportation convenience in the United States. chicago, where the paths meet, became a trade center between the West and the East.
PROGRESSIVISM AND IMPERIALISM
In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the United States became more active in foreign affairs. In 1898, the United States fought against Spain. aS managed to win the war, and controlled Puerto Rico, Guam, Guantanamo, and the Philippines. Along with the purchase of Alaska and the Hawaiian takeover, the United States has gained all its territory today, plus some areas that will be released after World War II.
in 1901, Theodore Roosevelt became president of the United States. He has a foreign policy called "Big Stick". The point is that [the US] should have a large navy and conduct surveillance against Latin America. between 1900 and 1930, the United States sent troops to Latin America several times. When Theodore Roosevelt was in office, excavations of the Panama Canal began.
Woodrow Wilson was elected president in 1912he is a progressive, but not entirely like Roosevelt.
