EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION
Ancient Egypt was a civilization of ancient Northeast Africa. Had the highest concentration along the lower reaches of the Nile river, situated in a place which is now known as the present day Egypt. Ancient Egyptian civilization followed prehistoric Egypt, which was around 3100 BC (according to conventional Egyptian chronology) with the unification of upper and lower Egypt under Menes (which was often identified with Narmer).
The history of ancient Egypt dates back to the period of instability in the kingdom. These periods were known as "Intermediate Periods". The various kingdoms fall into one of three categories: the Old Kingdom of the Early Bronze Age, the Middle Kingdom of the Middle Bronze Age, or the New Kingdom of the Late Bronze Age.
Ancient Egypt reached the pinnacle of it's power during the new kingdom, dominating Nubia and a sizable portion of the Levant. After this period, it entered an era of slow decline. Ancient Egypt invasion was through a number of foreign powers which included the Hyksos, the Nubians, the Assyrians, the Achaemenid Persians, and the Macedonians under Alexander the Great.
The aftermath of Alexander's death led to the formation of the Greek Ptlemoaic kingdom which ruled until 30 BC which fell to the Roman empire under the reign of Cleopatra.
It fell to the Roman empire and as a result became a Roman province. Egypt remained under Roman control until 640s AD, when Rashidun Caliphate conquered it.
Ancient Egypt has her successes partly from her ability to adapt to the conditions of the Nile River valley for agriculture.
GOVERNMENT AND ECONOMY
Administration and Commerce
Egypt practiced a monarchical system of government in which the pharaoh is the absolute monarch. This gave him complete control over the land and the resource. Also, the king was a supreme military officer who had his relianceon a bureaucracy of officials to manage his affairs.
In charge of the administration was his second in command, the vizier (seen as the highest ranking only beneath pharoah), who acted as the king's representative and coordinate land surveys, the treasury, building projects, the legal system, and the archives.
At a regional level, the country has a division into forty two administrative regions called nomes each governed by a nomarch (provincial governor) , who was accountable to the vizier for his jurisdiction.
The formation of temples could be considered as the backbone of economy. Not only regarded as a worship center, it is their responsibility collecting and storing the kingdom's wealth in a sysm of granaries or treasuries administered by overseers, who redistributed grain and goods.
Egypt had a centralized market, it was also strictly controlled. Although the ancient Egyptians did not use coin until the Late period, they did use a type of money-barter system, with standard sacks of grain and the deben, a weight of roughly 91 grams (3 oz) of copper or silver, forming a common denominator. Grain could be traded for other commodities according to the fixed prices.
At first the coins were used as standardized pieces of precious metal rather than true money, but in the following centuries international traders came to rely on coins.
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