Rose is a type of shrub plant from the genus Rosa as well as the name of the flower produced by this plant. Wild roses consist of more than 100 species, mostly growing in the northern hemisphere, which is cool. Rose species are generally thorny shrubs or climbing plants that can reach 2 to 5 meters in height. Although rare, the height of roses that propagate on other plants can reach 20 meters.
Most species have leaves that are between 5-15 cm long with two opposite ( pinnate ). Compound leaves which each petiole consists of at least 3 or 5 to 9 or 13 leaflets and supporting leaves (stipules) oval in shape, pinnate spines, edged edges, tapering at the tips of the leaves and spiny on the stems close to the ground. Roses are not actually tropical plants , most species shed their leaves entirely and only a few species in Southeast Asia are always green throughout the year .
The flowers consist of 5 petals with the exception of Rosa sericea which only has 4 petals. Among the colors possessed by roses are white , pink, yellow and blue in some species. The ovaries are on the underside of the corolla and petals .
Fruit roses ( rose hips ) of Rosa canina
Flowers produce aggregate fruit (developing from a single flower with many pistils) called rose hips . Each pistil develops into a single fruit ( achene ), while a single fruit collection is wrapped in fruit flesh on the outside. Species with wide open flowers are more likely to attract bees or other insects that aid in pollination and so tend to produce more fruit. Breeding roses produce flowers whose crown leaves are tightly closed, making pollination difficult. Some roses are red with a few exceptions such as Rosa pimpinellifolia which produces dark purple to black fruit.
In some species such as Rosa canina and Rosa rugosa produce rose hips fruit which is very rich in vitamin C, even among the richest natural sources of vitamin C. The fruit of rose hips is favored by fruit-eating birds which help disperse the rose seeds along with the excreta. Some types of birds such as finches also eat rose seeds.
In general, roses have thorns shaped like hooks that serve as a handle when climbing other plants. Some species that grow wild on sandy soils in coastal areas such as Rosa rugosa and Rosa pimpinellifolia are adapted to straight, needle-like spines that may serve to reduce animal damage, hold back sand blown by the wind and protect roots from erosion . Even though they are protected by thorns, deer don't seem afraid and often damage roses. Some species of roses have spines that are not developed and are not sharp.
Roses can be infected with several diseases such as leaf rust which is the most serious disease. The cause is the fungus Phragmidium mucronatum which causes leaf loss. Less dangerous diseases such as Mildew Flour are caused by the fungus Sphaerotheca pannosa, while Black Spot disease which is characterized by the appearance of black spots on the leaves is caused by the fungus Diplocarpon rosae. Roses are also food for the larvae of some Lepidoptera species .
Roses thrive in temperate climates, although some cultivars that are the result of the methods of grafting ( grafting ) can be grown in the temperate regions of subtropical to temperate regions of tropical .In as cut flowers, roses have many benefits, including antidepressants, antiviral, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and source of vitamin C. Rose oil is one of the essential oils from the distillation and evaporation of the crown leaves so that it can be made into perfume. Roses can also be used for tea , jelly , and jam . [1] [2]
Rosa alba 'Semi-plena'
Rosa alba 'Maiden's Blush'
Rose 'Zépherine Drouhin'
'Königin der Rosen', an example of Hybrid Tea roses
'Borussia', Floribunda Roses
Garden roses are generally classified into 3 major groups:
Wild roses : originally growing wild, simple flower shape, has been known to humans since ancient times. Some of the prominent rose species mentioned above and some of the hybrids they produce are examples of wild roses.
Old Garden Roses : plants that were crossed before the introduction of Hybrid Tea in 1867. The flower shape is unique and smells good. The following are the types of Old Garden roses arranged in order of age from oldest to oldest:
Alba : "white rose" from a cross between Rosa arvensis and Rosa alba. Alba is the oldest example of the Garden Rose, brought to England by the ancient Romans . Flowering once a year. Example: 'Semi-plena', 'White Rose of York'.
Gallica : the result of a cross from Rosa gallica originating from central and southern Europe . Flowering once in summer. Examples: 'Cardinal de Richelieu', 'Charles de Mills', 'Rosa Mundi' ( Rosa gallica versicolor ).
Damask - brought to Europe from Persia by Robert de Brie circa 1254 and 1276 . Roses kind Summer Damasks (crosses between Gallica roses with Rosa phoenicea ) bloom once in summer. Mawar species Autumn Damasks (crosses between Gallica with Rosa moschata ) bloom in autumn . Example: 'Ispahan' and 'Madame Hardy'.
Centifolia or also known as Provence: literally means "a thousand petals" is the result of breeding in the 17th century in the Netherlands . Flowering once a year, for example: 'Centifolia' and 'Paul Ricault'.
Moss : still a close relative of Centifolia , the stems and leaves of the petals are like overgrown with green moss. Flowering once a year. Examples: 'Comtesse de Murinais', 'Old Pink Moss'.
China : can flower many times throughout the summer to late autumn. There are 4 types ('Slater's Crimson China' 1792 , 'Parsons' Pink China' 1793 , 'Hume's Blush China' 1809 , and 'Parks' Yellow Tea Scented China' 1824 ) which were brought to Europe in the late 18th century and century. 19th. These types are then bred into Old Garden roses that can bloom many times, such as 'Old Blush China' and 'Mutabilis'.
Portland : named in memory of the Duke of Portland receiving roses from Italy in 1800 ). The rose commonly known as 'The Portland Rose' (other names: Rosa paestana or 'Scarlet Four Seasons' Rose') is the ancestor of the Portland rose. Examples: 'James Veitch', 'Rose de Rescht', 'The Portland Rose'.
Bourbon : Roses originating from l'Île de Bourbon (now called Réunion , a French colony in the Indian Ocean) were introduced to France in 1823 . The result of a cross between 'Autumn Damask' and 'Old Blush China'. Flowers many times. Examples: 'Louise Odier', 'Mme. Pierre Oger', 'Zéphirine Drouhin'.
Hybrid Perpetual : Roses that are commonly found in England during the Victorian era , are descendants of the Bourbon . Flowers many times. Examples: 'Ferdinand Pichard', 'Reine Des Violettes'.
Tea : Roses from the cross of 'Hume's Blush China' or 'Parks' Yellow Tea Scented China' with various types of Bourbon and Noisette. Flowers many times although not always smell good like tea. Example: 'Lady Hillingdon'.
Bermuda "Mysterious" Roses : a group of several dozen Bermuda Roses that had been cultivated for at least a century in Bermuda when "discovered." Most likely the Bermuda Rose is a branch or cultivar of the Old Garden Rose that was discarded because it was deemed unusable. Bermuda roses have high economic value because they can be grown in tropical and semi-tropical areas. This type of rose can flower in hot and humid weather. Resistant to damage caused by Nematodesand Black Spot disease which poses a threat to rose cultivation in hot and humid climates. Bermuda roses are called "mysterious roses" because the original name of this species is no longer known and is only named after the owner of the garden.
Climbing Roses : groups that like to climb on fences or canopy buildings, for example: Ayrshire, Climbing China, Laevigata, Sempervirens, Noisette, Boursault, Climbing Tea, and Climbing Bourbon.
Shrub Roses : a group with a semi-climbing habit, creeping on fences and canopies. Flowers small to medium, long lasting blooms.
Modern Garden Roses ( Modern Garden Roses ): Descendants of the Old Garden roses and come in many forms. This group is divided according to plant size and flower characteristics, for example: "bush plants with large flowers," shrubs with large flowers repeatedly," "flower clusters," "spreading, repeated flowers," "short shrubs, flowering once." Most of the current model cultivars can be classified into 2 groups:
Hybrid Tea : Roses are ideal for cut flowers because one stem can produce 5 to 6 flowers. Flowers are large and graceful, have a corolla that is tightly arranged and the edges are slightly folded outward (see photo), often planted in small gardens and pinned to suits when attending wedding ceremonies.
Floribunda : small flowers which are groups of 10 or more flowers on one stem. The lush flowers stand out from a distance making them great for planting in public gardens and other open spaces.
Buck Roses : named after Professor Griffith Buck (a horticulturist from Iowa State University) who bred more than 90 varieties of roses. Buck roses are resistant to winter disease and ferocity .
English Roses : a group that is the result of a hybrid between Old Garden roses and modern roses. Flowers smell good and bloom repeatedly.
Miniature Roses : clusters of tiny flowers (2–5 cm in diameter) and flowering repeatedly.
Roses that are known in Indonesia are mostly Hybrid Tea and Medium roses.source