Whereby the human reference range of hemoglobin concentration falls below the range causing catastrophe to the body because all the systems such as the heart,liver, kidney will not function well due to the red blood cells have lose their Rectics,it's surface area of the red blood(red cell membrane) are decreased,again all the red cells indices such as MCV, MCH, MCHC inevitably decreases too, it's said that the systems mentioned above and red blood cells works pariparsu with each other in the human body.
This anaemia can occur either through an Intrinsic effect(Genetic) or Extrinsic effect (Non-, Genetic or Acquired). The Extrinsic effects on red blood cells happen to be; by a conditioned disease and additionally by drugs, but I'm here to discuss on a extrinsic effect on red cells by Conditioned disease which is MALARIA caused by a malaria parasite called PLASMODIUM SPP.
Normal blood Cells and Abnormal Red blood cells By Conditioned Disease
A particular day as I was working at the laboratory, a patient actually asked a question which anyone can ask same question - "how do malaria cause anameia to an individual?" YES,it can.
Out of my busy schedules,I'm here to share knowledge to my beautiful and handsome members of this hive community of how this named parasite disease can transpire into anaemia.
The disease is induced by Mosquito,where there are three major categories of these mosquitoes which are Aedes, Culex and Anopheles, thou they can cause other diseases such as Dengue, lymphatic filariasis, Japanese encephalitis etc all resulting to anemia when severe but they are rare.
But the most dangerous disease caused by all these mosquito parasites which poses a menace to man is called malaria, as we all know is invoked majorly by The Female Anopheles Mosquito. It's among the most common diseases leading to million deaths of people in the the developing countries and endemic areas in Africa such as India, Nigeria,Iraq etc is generated by the female anophele mosquito as stated earlier.
Infestation of malaria by Anophele mosquito On skin
Why the female anophele mosquitoes are famed to cause malaria begetting anaemia in man than the male anophele mosquitoes?-> This occurs due to the male anophele mosquito dies immediately after mating with the female, spawning a situation where the female infects human for a proteinous blood meal nutrients to get their eggs develops.
Since the link of blood meal are gotten from human to mature these parasite eggs, which are laid on the surface of a dirty water or river, between some days it hatches into an aquatic larave ,which feeds on organic waste,then metamorphoses into pupual stage. In this pupal stage, they survive by breathing through the tubes of their pupual case for survival, in a week it manifest to an adult- this life cycle continues repeatedly for them(anophele mosquito) by so doing being so harzadous to the health of human.
In between,where the female mosquito gets this blood meal from human,it bites the human forming a swell on the subcutaneous surface of the skin (in some individuals it disappears in a matter of seconds but in others it takes time for the swell to vanish). In the process of biting, it as well infects into the human system as an unicellular protozoan parasites either Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium knowlesi and almighty Plasmodium falciparum.
SYMPTOMS;
Why do I call Plasmodium falciparum parasite induced by anophele mosquito Almighty?
This is because patients with severe Plasmodium falciparum (that is abundance of this named parasite in the human blood) LL manifest symptoms or develops into fever,change in taste buds, Anemia, fatigue, severe headache, seizures, impairment of the brain(called celebral malaria) or impairment of the spinal cord, liver and kidney failure etc.
Symptoms Of malaria Exhibition From Man
which is perilous to human life than the other protozoan Plasmodium parasites mentioned above which can remain inactive or dormant in the liver of the infected persons for many months,then becomes visible with some signs and symptoms later.
Transmission Of Plasmodium Falciparum Transcending Into Anemia.
The unicellular protozoan parasite (Plasmodium falciparum) in form of Sporozoite gets into the bloodstream of the infected individuals, multiplies both Asexual and Sexually in the human blood and organs. Firstly, the above named parasite invades into the hepatocytes (liver cells) generating cellular liver inflammation, organ liver congestion and sinusoidal blockage at every sinuses of the liver. Still in the liver,the sporozoites emerges into Schizonts where it's asexual multiplication increases for some days- in this stage,no symptom occurs (asymptomatic state).
The hazardous stages of Plasmodium Falciparum In Human
After periods of 6- 11days if there's no display of any symptoms (thou rare), it further ruptures into Merozoites leaving the liver cells and rolls into the Human blood stage (Erythrocytic stage) where it multiples Sexually and maturing into Trophozoites (also called gametocytes)in the human blood rapidly, disintegrating into the hearts, lungs and the whole organs in the body. If not treated,it goes back to Schizonts then to merozoites again and again.
Moreso, when there's numerous or out numbered uncontrollable trophozoites stage in the human body,it becomes dangerous because the ultimatum rise of this parasite stage causes steady lysis of the red blood cells, causing breakdown of some organs due to insufficient blood in the system, resulting to the Anemic condition whereby the human body shuts down to some points or death occurs.
The cycle continues as the gametocytes are taken up by mosquitoes by sucking on the infected human,ingesting the gametocytes (trophozoites) in the mid gut where it matures sexually to form oocysts maturing into Sporozoites again. At this stage,the sporozoites stays in the salivary glands for easy injection of the sporozites into another person or individual.
Mosquito being a parasite to man for survival,so as the Trophozites of Plasmodium falciparum depends on human blood for it's multiplication. During this Trophozites in the blood stream, it destroys or drastically changes the normal discoid shape of the host red cells into a sausage or ring form which results from the oxidative damage creating G6PD deficiency (Glucose-6- Phosphate Dextrose Deficiency).
Generally, Enzyme deficiencies results to shortening of red blood cells lifespan by causing the red blood cells become vulnerable to lysis, causing HEMOLYTIC ANAMEIA.
Meanwhile in situations like this, Bone Marrow Dyserythropoiesis occurs from the destruction of the parasitized erythrocytes. This particular condition (Bmd) is proportional to malaria severity (increase of the trophozites) in human.
This is why when a pregnant woman suffering from the severity in this erythocytes stage leads to miscarriage for premature pregnancy,or bring about the mortality of the child due to low weight of the infant.
What Attracts These Anophele Mosquitoes To Beget Malaria To Human?
Seemingly,light colours tend to reflect heat while Dark colours such as black,navy blue,deep red etc absorbs heat,so mosquitoes having high sensitive heat sensors like the IR21 receptor and heat- sensing antenna gets attracted to individuals putting on dark colors for their proteinous meal.
Individuals that have high concentration in the metabolism of cholesterol and steroids releasing lactic acid, ammonia,uric acid etc like athletes and those who consume alcohol alot secrets these chemicals on their skins as sweats,thereby sparks the sense smell of mosquitoes to attract such people. With individuals that secrets carbon dioxide like the pregnant women, attracts mosquitoes to them too.
Scientifically,it's proven that these female anophele mosquitoes are attracted to blood type O and least attracted to blood type A, why because studies has it that every type of blood group has it's own different scents secretions. Therefore, people with blood group O secrets a particular scents when they sweat which attracts the mosquitoes.
Diagnosis;
Physicians or scientists LL advice that one should always do their best in conduct series of tests every 3months to know if they healthy or ill,why because? There are some individuals that are asymptomatic while some are symptomatic and they who gets alert that they are not feeling well therefore goes to the physicians to diagnose a test to check what exactly the type of illness that's about to manifest.
In this case when an individual whom are symptomatic with the above named Plasmodium falciparum symptoms, the physicians diagnoses series of test conducted by the clinical laboratory scientist to avoid the conditioned disease transpire into anemia ->
A thick or thin blood smear on a glass slide, stained either leishman or giemsa stained but more appreciated using a Giemsa stained because it stains the infected erythrocytes by the parasite as well making it so clear and visible too under the microscope. It's read and recorded as
PF(+) = 10 to 90 parasites/ul seen on the stained smeared slide under the microscope. PF(++) = 100 to 1000 parasites/ul, PF (+++) =1000 to 10000 parasites/ul, PF (++++) = >10000 parasites/ul.
Microscopic View Of Plasmodium falciparum In the stained thin-smear cells
Complete blood count test can also be diagnosed and conducted to check for possible infections and infections that can cause Anemia too such as this Plasmodium falciparum parasite.
Thou the results of these tests relies on the quality of the microscope, reagents used in the procedure of complete blood count test and experience of the scientist in terms of reading the results accurately..
When the microscopic test (ie the microscope to read the film) is inaccessible, Rapid Diagnostic Tests are delivered whereby it's process involves a cassette or dipstick design makeup to give fast and best results.
This test is very superior and essential because of its immunochromatographic test, having both the test and control label. Even a non scientist or an individual can conduct this particular test by themselves but on a disadvantages of not knowing the quantity of the parasites in their blood and the right drugs that will tackle the amount of parasites known in the body.
The advances of technology in science proffering a molecular diagnosis, we use of PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) to check and pin point out the strains, nuclear acids of the particular species of malaria parasites in the collected specimen of infected paiten using the either blood or serum or plasma,saliva etc depending the manufacturer instructions to deliver accurate results.
Drug resistances are Incorporated, scientist has identified and introduced a drug therapy after been experimented which has proved highly effective to combat Plasmodium spp.
Another time I ll discuss about the drug produced to inhibit the spread of the parasite and it's mood of action or its interaction in the erythrocytic stage. Till then,stay tuned for more cue to fight plasmodium falciparum away inorder not to results into Anemia. Thank you.
References
A Conditioned Disease malaria causing Anaemia
Anophele Mosquito Infestation
Dangerous Stage Of Plasmodium falciparum In Man
Chemicals On Human body Attracting Mosquito
Notable Signs To Observe For Plasmodium falciparum Infestation
Identifying Plasmodium falciparum Gametocytes Through Diagnosis Tests