Introduction
Within quantum mechanics we have the laser, as a mechanism capable of amplifying light by means of stimulated emission of radiation, but the interesting thing is that it creates a light phenomenon, where this type of radiation is synchronized by means of a concentrated beam and in turn this It is thin in a coherent way, since at the molecular level an irradiation from the atoms occurs, we remember these are evidenced by the photons, which do not refer to it as matter but as energy, which is why the laser is a light source it travels in parallel and its energy practically does not decrease with distance.
In this part of physics, it shows us the importance of photons as an energy source, since it has zero mass and travels in a vacuum with a constant speed, unlike the electromagnetic light waves emitted by the sun, since They are different but both are sources of energy, which served as a basis to continue advancing on this topic of study regarding laser, as the following contribution developed by James P. Gordon and Herbert J. Zeiger built the first maser, which was a device that it worked on the same physical principles as the laser, but it produced a coherent microwave beam.
It is where I think the following, much of the basis on the laser within quantum mechanics, are due to the contributions addressed by Albert Einstein based on Planck's previous work, based on a simple schematic at the atomic level, in which they carried out a representation of increasing orbit energy and a photon which is emitted with energy, what is interesting, fellow readers today at the particle level, are known as carriers other forms of electromagnetic radiation, in which we have: gamma rays, X-rays, ultraviolet light, visible light, infrared light, microwaves, radio waves.
A representation of the photon and its movement, for visible light the energy carried by a photon is 4x10 ^ -19 July, within this it can manifest eventualities that the amount of movement and its polarization are associated.
Atoms, as light emitting and absorbing systems, can be represented in terms of a nucleus of charge + Ze (Z: atomic number and e: elementary charge) and mass M with a set of e-charge electrons orbiting in their environment and organized in layers according to the exclusion principle, which establishes that for a polyelectronic atom (with number of electrons greater than 1) two or more electrons cannot exist in the same quantum state. Information consulted in The laser: basic principles by Édgar González, 2003.
Through excitation, an electron can be used in an energy level mode, so that it can absorb the photon as another energy, the same as the previous one, where an initial excited state frequency such as Ei and another final energy state Ef are evident. , taking into consideration that the photon, has the particularity of having several different values depending on the energy difference, existing in the levels of allowance for this power to be absorbed.
In these representations we have two types of absorption: the first by means of a stable atom and the second by means of the excitation of the atom, which is part of the characteristic of the emission of the photon, at the time that makes it possible to create a phenomenon of optical spectrum, with its value of energy carried in the different state correspondence in which it was emitted.
In the first part we address the importance of photon as energy, also within quantum mechanics we have the laser, as a mechanism capable of amplifying light by means of stimulated emission of radiation, where atoms act as light emitting and absorbing systems, they can to be represented in terms of a nucleus of charge + Ze, on the other hand also continuing in this order of idea, the absorption types by means of a stable atom and the second by means of the excitation of the atom, making it possible for the photon to create an optical spectrum phenomenon, having clear the value of energy transported in the different state correspondence in which it was emitted, as a stable initial and the other in excitation mode start from an initial transmission point.
I think that the handling of the photon as matter through this provided information shows its ability to have a frequency where photoelectric effects are reflected, which is combined with electromagnetic radiation maintaining a thermal balance, that is why its diversity of application in another field: chemistry, medicine, biology.
A representation of a laser:
[1] -Active medium with optical gain.
[2] -Pumped energy for laser.
[3] -High reluctance mirror.
[4] -Mating mirror.
[5] -Emission of the laser beam.
We observe that it has an optical cavity and uses two mirrors, by means of which light can be amplified, which at the same time needs input of energy as an electric current, to stimulate the light beam thanks to the active medium, where the transport of excitation energy.
Spontaneous emission process This type of emission occurs without the presence of an external radiation field being necessary; that is, it is random and therefore, the exact moment in which the transition will take place cannot be known. The time t is necessary for the number of atoms in the excited state to decrease by e = 2.7182818, it is known as the life time of the excited state and corresponds to the time that the atoms remain in an excited state. Information consulted in The laser: basic principles By Édgar González, 2003.
Below we have two representations where the spontaneous emission of a photon is shown, due to the transition between two permitted energy levels.
[1] -By means of Excitation.
[2] -by means of Transition.
The singularity of this phenomenon as an eventuality at the quantum level, the photon has the particularity of having an angular spin movement, achieving during the emission process the atom loses an impulse, it also makes it possible for an electric dipole transition to occur, which should not occur, it seems something inimitable, it will only depend on the way in which time increases depending on the permanence or situation of the electron in its electrical levels.
An example of the mathematical model, where it shows us the probability in which the atom undergoes the transition, considering the distribution of electric dipole charge, at the time the radiation emission should oscillate, R Transition probability, p Magnitude of the dipole moment.
This model applies when working with hydrogen atoms, since it has the particularity of having a useful life in an order of magnitude of 10 ^ -8, which is the time for the transition phenomenon to occur, apart from hv they are emitted energy by the photon.
As for the level of optics in the field of physics, it shows us what is the dynamic observation of reflection and refraction phenomena, its essence of optical geometry, in order to have a better notion of the behavior of lenses and mirrors to determine its wavelengths showing through this aforementioned phenomenon with the effect of light propagation.
In geometric optics the propagation of light is represented by rays, which move in straight lines in a Homogeneous optical medium and whose behavior on the surface of separation or interface of two media is governed by two simple rules, Snell's laws of reflection and refraction. Information consulted in Laser Optics by Alan M. Portis, 1974.
A representation as shown angles in geometric optics in the case of rays that are incident, which in turn refracts each other, where for both n1 and n2 = sinα = sinβ.
Much will be explained about the laser applied at the industrial level, since it is used as a welding mechanism under the scheme of welding materials knowing its melting and solidification point, since the force of this can melt materials at the time of welding, as the case that the plastic has the properties to be welded by means of the mechanism of the laser. Considering that you have more applications apart from welding, to carry out portable mechanisms for eye surgery, cautery, in the field of medicines, the elaboration of an optical lens for CD reproduction, among others important for humanity as a contribution to science and technology.
To provide the power density necessary to melt the material, the laser can operate in continuous or pulsed mode. The Nd: YAG laser generally operates in pulsed mode, although it can also operate in continuous mode, while the CO2 Laser operates in both pulsed and standard modes. Information consulted in Industrial laser applications by L. Bachs, J. Cuesta, N. Careles, 1988.
A representation of pulse power one continuous and the other standard.
[1]-Physics for science and technology. II by Paul Allen Tipler, Gene Mosca - 2004.
[2]- The laser: basic principles by Édgar González, 2003.
[3]-Industrial laser applications by L. Bachs, J. Cuesta, N. Careles, 1988.
[4]-Laser Optics by Alan M. Portis, 1974.
