It's a good question. I'd love to but able to answer it. A small part goes to the treasury of the United States when in fact all of it should go to the US department of Treasury.

It's not even money that governments create for the most part but debt. So whenever the US government needs more money than what his budget allow, it create debt. This debt debt are deposits added to the bank accounts of the shareholders of the Federal Reserve which is privately owned.

From the horse's mouth itself (stlouisfed.org):

The Federal Reserve Banks are not a part of the federal government, but they exist because of an act of Congress. Their purpose is to serve the public. So is the Fed private or public?

The answer is both. While the Board of Governors is an independent government agency, the Federal Reserve Banks are set up like private corporations. Member banks hold stock in the Federal Reserve Banks and earn dividends. Holding this stock does not carry with it the control and financial interest given to holders of common stock in for-profit organizations. The stock may not be sold or pledged as collateral for loans. Member banks also appoint six of the nine members of each Bank's board of directors.

This is Congressman Alan Grayson questioning Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke on $550B of loans to foreigners (or 'central liquidity swaps' in Federal Reserve-ese').

• Alan Grayson: "Which Foreigners Got the Fed's $500,000,000,000?"
• Bernanke: "I Don't Know."

Federal Inspector General, Elizabeth Coleman Won't Explain where the 9 Trillion Dollars is! Representative Alan Grayson asks Her where the missing 9 Trillions Dollars.She says she does not know and is not tracking where this money is!

Alan Greenspan ex chairman of the Federal Reserve Board said: The Federal Reserve is an independent agency which means there is no other agency of government who can overrule actions that we take.

There has been many instances of debt-free government created fiat-money, one of them was Greenbacs created by Abraham Lincoln as a war effort.

All of this is made a lot clearer in the documentary The Money Masters because it tell the name of the people who made this system of enslavement by debt possible. It also treats about what was their goals. It is a very fascinating documentary.