1.Adolescence
hello friend steemit day i discuss about adult, teenager, old,
Adolescence comes from the Latin word adolescere which means to grow or to grow maturity (Golinko, 1984 in Rice, 1990). Many figures that define teenagers, such as DeBrun (in Rice, 1990) define adolescence as a period of growth between childhood and adulthood. Papalia and Olds (2001) do not give adolescent explicit but implicitly meaning through adolescence.
According to Papalia and Olds (2001), adolescence is a transitional period of development between childhood and adulthood that generally begins at age 12 or 13 and ends in the late teens or early twenties.
According to Adams & Gullota (in Aaro, 1997), adolescence covers the age of 11 to 20 years. While Hurlock (1990) divides adolescence into early adolescence (13 to 16 or 17 years) and late adolescence (16 or 17 years to 18 years). Early and late adolescence is distinguished by Hurlock because in late adolescence individuals have reached a developmental transition closer to adulthood.
Physically adolescence is characterized by the maturation of the genitals in a child. Anatomically means the genitals in particular and the state of the body in general to get a perfect shape and physiologically the physique can already befungsi perfectly also. In adolescent girls entering adolescence signs that will appear that enlarged hips, enlarged breasts, hair growth in certain areas, and monthly menstruation. While in young men the traits that appear are the enlarged Adam's apple, the sound turns heavy, broad shoulders and chest area, well-formed muscles, hair grows in certain areas, grows mustaches and beards, and experiences wet dreams. This ripening period lasts approximately 2 years since the first menstruation in adolescent girls and the first wet dream in men's period. This 2-year period is called puberty.
In addition to physical characteristics there are also some characteristics and other characteristics possessed by teenagers, among others:
- Emotional enhancement that occurs rapidly in early adolescence known as storm & stress. This emotional increase is the result of physical changes, especially hormones that occur in adolescence. In terms of social conditions, this increased emotion is a sign that teenagers are in new condition different from the previous period. At this time many demands and pressures aimed at teenagers, for example they are expected to no longer behave like children, they must be more independent and responsible. This independence and responsibility will take shape over time, and it will be obvious to the late teens sitting in the early days of college.
- Rapid physical changes that are also accompanied by sexual maturity. Sometimes these changes make teens feel unsure of themselves and their own abilities. Physical changes that occur quickly, both internal changes such as circulatory system, digestion, and respiratory system and external changes such as height, weight, and body proportions are very influential on adolescent self-concept.
- Changes in matters of interest to him and his relationship with others. During adolescence many of the things that appeal to him brought from childhood are replaced with new and more mature interesting things. This is also due to greater responsibility in adolescence, so adolescents are expected to be able to direct their interest in more important matters. Changes also occur in relationships with others. Teenagers are no longer associated only with individuals of the same gender, but also with the opposite sex, and with adults.
- Change in value, where what they consider important in childhood becomes less important because it is approaching maturity.
- Most teenagers are ambivalent in the face of change. On the one hand they want freedom, but on the other they are afraid of the responsibility that accompanies that freedom, and doubt their own ability to assume that responsibility.
- Desiring to try everything she does not know yet.
- The desire to venture into the wider environment, for example, involved in the activities of scouts, groups of nature lovers, etc
- Group activity grows so much.
- Often fantasize and fantasize
2.adulthood
Early adult is the transition from adolescence. Adolescence is characterized by the search for identity, in early adulthood, this identity is obtained little by little according to age chronological and mental ege it.
Erickson (in Monks, Knoers & Haditono, 2001) says that a person classified in early adulthood is in a warm, close and communicative state with or without sexual contact. If it fails in the form of intimacy then it will experience what is called isolation (feeling excluded from others, lonely, blaming themselves for being different from others).
Hurlock (1990) says that early adulthood begins at age 18 until about age 40, when physical and psychological changes accompany diminished reproductive ability.
In general, those who are young adults are those aged 20-40 years. According to a developmental psychologist, Santrock (1999), young adults included a transitional period, both intellectually transition physical (cognitive trantition), and social role trantition.
From a physical point of view, early adulthood is the period of the peak of physical development. Physical development after this period will be degraded little by little, following the age of a person getting older. The emotional aspect, in early adulthood was a time when the motivation for achieving something was enormous, supported by excellent physical strength. Thus, there is a stereotype that says adolescence and early adulthood are periods where more physical strength than strength of ratio in solving a problem.
Early adulthood is a period of physical and psychological maturity. According to Anderson (in Mappiare: 17) there are 7 characteristics of psychological maturity, summarized as follows:
a. Be task-oriented, not self or ego; the interests of the mature are oriented towards the tasks they are performing, and are not inclined to their own feelings or self-interest.
b. Clear goals and efficient work habits; a mature person sees the goals he wants to achieve clearly and those goals can be defined thoroughly and know where appropriate and not and work guided in his direction.
c. Controlling personal feelings; a mature person can drive his own feelings and not be overwhelmed by his feelings in doing things or confronting others. He is unselfish, but takes into account the feelings
d. Emotional tension (emotional tension)
Many young adults experience emotional failures related to problems they encounter such as issues of office, marriage, finances and so on. Emotional tension is often expressed in fear or anxiety. This fear or anxiety generally depends on the adaptability to the problems encountered at a given moment, or the extent to which success or failure is experienced in the struggle of the problem.
e. The period of social alienation
With the end of formal education and the inclusion of a person into the pattern of adult life, namely career, marriage and household, relationships with peer group friends become more tenuous, and at the same time involvement in group activities outside the home will continue to diminish. Because the result, for the first time since the baby all young people, even the popular, will experience social seclusion social.
f. Commitment period
Regarding the commitment, Bardwick (in Hurlock: 250) says: "It seems impossible for a person to commit for ever. This would be a responsibility too heavy to bear. But many commitments have this nature: If you become a parent to be a parent forever; if you become a dentist, it is certain that your work will be related to the person's mouth for good; if you achieve a doctorate, because there is a good achievement in school when you are young, you are likely to the end of your life will be a career as a professor.
g. Dependency Period
This early adulthood is a time when adult dependence usually continues. This dependence may be on parents, educational institutions that provide partial or full scholarships or to governments as they obtain loans to finance their education.
h. Value change period
Some of the reasons for the change of value in adults are that they want to be accepted into groups of adults, social groups and the economy of adults.
I. Creative Period
The form of creativity that will be seen in adults will depend on the interests and abilities of the individual, the opportunity to realize the desires and activities that provide the maximum satisfaction. Some are channeling this creativity through hobbies, some are channeling through work that allows the expression of creativity.
- The Old Age
Old age is the closing period in a person's life span. This period starts from the age of sixty to death, which is marked by the increasing physical and psychological changes are declining. The aging process (elderly) is a natural process accompanied by a decrease in physical, psychological and social conditions that interact with each other. According to Bernice Neugarten (1968) James C. Chalhoun (1995) of old age is a time where people can be satisfied with their success.
The World Health Organization (WHO) designates 65 years of age as showing the aging process that takes place in real and someone has called the elderly. The elderly face many health problems that need immediate and integrated treatment. The World Health Organization (WHO) classifies the elderly into 4: middle age 45 -59 years old, elderly 60-74 years old, old aged 75-90 years old and very old (very old) over 90 years.
There are a number of physical changes that occur in the elderly period according to Elida Prayitno namely:
· Physical changes are no longer growth but replacement and repair of body cells.
· Growth and reproduction of cells decreases.
· Decreased Sex Encouragement.
In general, changes in the elderly include changes from the cellular level to all organ systems, including respiratory system, hearing, sight, cardiovascular, body regulatory system, musculoskeletal, gastrointestinal, genito urinary, endocrine and integument.In addition, in the elderly also often occur psychological disorders that can be:
A. Perceptual Disorder
b. Thinking process
c. Sensory and cognitive impairment
d. awareness disorder
e. orientation disorder
Time-related, place and person-related disorders associated with cognitive impairment. Orientation disorders are often found in cognitive impairment, anxiety disorders, artificial abnormalities, impaired conversions and personality disorders, especially during periods of unsteady physical or environmental stress. Testers are conducted in two ways: whether the patient recognizes his or her own name and whether it also knows the date, year, month and day.
f. Memory impairment
g. Impaired intellectual function