Dogs
The domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris or Canis familiaris) is a member of genus Canis (canines) that forms part of the wolf-like canids,[and is the most widely abundant carnivore.
The dog and the extant gray wolf are sister taxa,with modern wolves not closely related to the wolves that were first domesticated,which implies that the direct ancestor of the dog is extinct.The dog was the first domesticated species and has been selectively bred over millennia for various behaviors, sensory capabilities, and physical attributes.
The term "domestic dog" is generally used for both domesticated and feral varieties. The English word dog comes from Middle English dogge, from Old English docga, a "powerful dog breed".The term may possibly derive from Proto-Germanic *dukkōn, represented in Old English finger-docce ("finger-muscle").The word also shows the familiar petname diminutive -ga also seen in frogga "frog", picga "pig", stagga "stag", wicga "beetle, worm", among others.Piotr Gąsiorowski has suggested that Old English *docga is actually derived from Old English colour adjective dox.
In 14th-century England, hound (from Old English: hund) was the general word for all domestic canines, and dog referred to a subtype of hound, a group including the mastiff. It is believed this "dog" type was so common, it eventually became the prototype of the category "hound".By the 16th century, dog had become the general word, and hound had begun to refer only to types used for hunting.The word "hound" is ultimately derived from the Proto-Indo-European word *kwon-, "dog".This semantic shift may be compared with in German, where the corresponding words Dogge and Hund kept their original meanings. The term *ḱwon- may ultimately derive from the earliest layer of Proto-Indo-European vocabulary.
A male canine is referred to as a "dog", while a female is called a "bitch" (derived from Middle English bicche, from Old English bicce, ultimately from Old Norse bikkja). The father of a litter is called the sire, and the mother is called the dam. The process of birth is "whelping", from the Old English word hwelp; the modern English word "whelp" is an alternative term for puppy. A litter refers to the multiple offspring at one birth which are called puppies or pups from the French poupée, "doll", which has mostly replaced the older term "whelp".
The origin of the domestic dog is not clear. The domestic dog is a member of genus Canis (canines) that forms part of the wolf-like canids,and is the most widely abundant carnivore. The closest living relative of the dog is the gray wolf and there is no evidence of any other canine contributing to its genetic lineage.The dog and the extant gray wolf form two sister clades,with modern wolves not closely related to the wolves that were first domesticated..The archaeological record shows the first undisputed dog remains buried beside humans 14,700 years ago,with disputed remains occurring 36,000 years ago.These dates imply that the earliest dogs arose in the time of human hunter-gatherers and not agriculturists.The dog was the first domesticated species.
Where the genetic divergence of dog and wolf took place remains controversial, with the most plausible proposals spanning Western Europe,Central Asia,and East Asia. This has been made more complicated by the most recent proposal that fits the available evidence, which is that an initial wolf population split into East and West Eurasian wolves, these were then domesticated independently before going extinct into two distinct dog populations between 14,000-6,400 years ago, and then the Western Eurasian dog population was partially and gradually replaced by East Asian dogs that were brought by humans at least 6,400 years ago.
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