Hi Friends, today i m talking about the mughals of INDIA.
As we know Mughal have ruled India apporx 317 years. Among Abu'l-Fath Jalal ud-din Muhammad Akbar was the great from all kings who ruled India.
He has expand mughal empire in his early age. Akbar’s success in creating his empire was as much a result of his ability to earn the loyalty of his conquered people as it was of his ability to conquer them. He allied himself with the defeated Rajput rulers, and rather than demanding a high “tribute tax” and leaving them to rule their territories unsupervised, he created a system of central government, integrating them into his administration. Akbar was known for rewarding talent, loyalty, and intellect, regardless of ethnic background or religious practice. In addition to compiling an able administration, this practice brought stability to his dynasty by establishing a base of loyalty to Akbar that was greater than that of any one religion.
The Mughal who is so advance at that time he has manged whole mughal empire in early age. The entire empire was divided into 15 Subas, each province being governed by a Subadar along with other regional post mirroring that in the center. The Subas were divided into Sarkars which were further divided into Parganas. The head of the Sarkar was a Faujdar and that of a Pargana was a Shikdar. Echa Pargana consisted of several villages which were governed by a Muqaddam, a Patwari and a Chowkidar, along with a panchayat.
He introduced the Mansabdari system to effectively organize the Military. The Mansabdars were responsible for maintaining discipline and impart training to the soldiers. There were 33 ranks of Mansabdars with 10,000 to 10 soldiers under their command according to rank. Akbar also introduced the custom of taking roll of the soldiers and branding of horses. Akbar’s military consisted of several division viz. cavalry, infantry, elephants, artillery and navy. The emperor maintained ultimate control over the military and excelled in the ability to enforce discipline among his troops.
Land revenue was the chief source of income for the Mughal Government and Akbar introduced several reforms in the revenue department. The land was divided into four classes according to their productivity - Polaj, Parauti, Chachar and Banjar. Bigha was the unit of land measurement and land revenue was paid either in cash or in kind. Akbar on the advice of his Finance Minister Todar Mall, introduced loans against small interest to the farmers and he also granted remission of revenues in case of natural calamities like draughts or floods. He also issued special instruction to the revenue collectors to be friendly with the farmers. All these reforms greatly increased productivity and revenue of the Mughal Empire, leading to prosperous subjects with abundance of food.
Akbar was religiously curious. He regularly participated in the festivals of other faiths, and in 1575 in Fatehpur Sikri—a walled city that Akbar had designed in the Persian style—he built a temple (ibadat-khana) where he frequently hosted scholars from other religions, including Hindus, Zoroastrians, Christians, yogis, and Muslims of other sects. He allowed the Jesuits to construct a church at Agra, and discouraged the slaughter of cattle out of respect for Hindu custom. Not everyone appreciated these forays into multiculturalism, however, and many called him a heretic.
In 1579, a mazhar, or declaration, was issued that granted Akbar the authority to interpret religious law, superseding the authority of the mullahs. This became known as the “Infallibility Decree,” and it furthered Akbar’s ability to create an interreligious and multicultural state. In 1582 he established a new cult, the Din-i-Ilahi (“divine faith”), which combined elements of many religions, including Islam, Hinduism and Zoroastrianism. The faith centered around Akbar as a prophet or spiritual leader, but it did not procure many converts and died with Akbar.
Akbar died in 1605. Some sources say Akbar became fatally ill.
