Composition is one of the major pillars of photography. It is one of the most invisible yet noticable things that can make or break an image with its presence or lack of it.
Although it can be taught, you need to have a trained eye and feeling for it to get it right without having to think about it. Compare it to parking a car, some people just do it without thinking while others need years of practice and still might not get it right.
2d or 3d?
We live a in 3 dimensional world and our eyes allow us to see depth and distance which tells us exactly how far an object is away. In photography, that is a little harder because no matter on what medium you look at it, it is still a flat surface. In photography a 3d effect can be accomplished by Depth of Field or using perspective.
Perspective
There are several elements that make up your perspective, naming:
1. Viewpoint
2. Horizon
3. Vanishing point
Viewpoint
The viewpoint is the position of your eyes where you view the subject from. You could go really high in the sky for a birds-eye-view, for example from a drone. You could have a standing viewpoint where you take the photo using the same viewpoint we see everything when walking around. There is also the worms-eye-view, when you literally go to the ground and view the world as if you were...a worm. This is actually a favorite viewpoint of mine because it gives a photo a unique perspective. How often do you lay on the ground just to look at the world? Not very often I think. Usually I go somewhere in between by just bending my knees and squatting down.
Horizon
The horizon is basically the end of the earth...considering the earth isn't flat but round, there is a limitation as to how far we can see. That end, where the sky borders the ground is called the horizon. Now depending on your viewpoint, the horizon could be high or low. Depending on what your subject is, I usually advice to keep the horizon in the middle of your photo. That way you keep the balance between the sky and the earth. Again, it depends on what you want to focus on.
Vanishing point
The vanishing point is basically the point your eyes are being led to. This the true pillar of perspective. This can be reached by using leading lines. These could be natural or linear (usually man made). The wider your focal point (100mm being long, 10mm being wide), the more effective these lines will be. Most landscape photography leans on this principle, usually using natural lines like rivers, hedges or whatever is usable.
By definition the vanishing point is the point your eyes can no longer see in the distance. This point is located on the horizon, that's why it's so important to know where your horizon is. The converging lines will lead you to the vanishing point. Alternatively, painters or other artists turn it around and determine their own vanishing point to draw their perspective lines from.
Placement of the vanishing point
I don't take a lot of landscape photos of natural situations. I do however love to apply the same rules of composition in more architectural type of photos heavily leaning on linear lines. Because I love symmetry, I usually place my vantage point in the middle with the horizontal and vertical lines meeting in the exact middle. Using different viewpoints and a little wide angle distortion I try to create my own unique perspective. Sometimes even deliberately tilting the horizon to make it personal. You can see examples of that in a previous post.
Also not placing the vanishing point in the middle can give a very different effect to the photo. Even choosing a different horizon can change things up. Like I did here. It's the same location as the one above, only very different.
Wide angle distortion
Like I mentioned, using a wide angle lens can help you get very effective lines. You need to keep in mind though that the wider the focal point, the more distorted the view can get. Even a very wide 10mm lens won't give you the extremely distorted fish-eye view, but it can still twist and turn the straightest of lines. This can either add or diminish the feeling you want to create with your image so think beforehand what you are trying to accomplish when deciding which lenses you want to bring.
Hopefully you found this useful, now go out, be creative and try out all different kinds of angles and viewpoints! Most importantly, make it your own and have fun :)
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