I talked about large light sources recently, so wanted to give some examples of using small light sources in studio photography to create hard light.
It's something I rarely do, but when the concept calls for it, I really like it. Where large light modifiers give soft and flattering light, small light modifiers (or no modifier) creates hard shadows and punchy, contrasty images. This can be used as a stylistic choice of course, to replicate direct sunlight, or simply for a youthful summer vibe.
Small light sources cast very noticeable shadows, but again, these can be included as a stylistic choice by putting your model up against the backdrop. As a "strobist" enthusiast, I rarely use studio lights, opting instead for small flashes. My modifier of choice for hard light is often a large white bounce card. This gives the shadows a little diffusion, while keeping the light punchy.
As you can see, the light is hard and contrasty, while the shadow isn't overly edgy.
Should you want the hardest shadow possible, you need not use any modifier, and get your model close to the background.
I should add, in case there is any doubt, that in all of these photos, the flashes were places off-camera and triggered with a Godox X1. There is a lot written about the benefits of huge light modifiers to create soft light, but as a stylistic choice, hard light has its place too.
Words & photos @condra
Models: Steph & Unknown
Nikon D750. Sigma 85mm 1.4 HSM. Godox X1/TT685.