Lüders band

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCders_band

Lüders bands are a type of plastic bands, slip band or stretcher-strain mark which are formed due to localized bands of plastic deformation in metals experiencing tensile stresses, common to low-carbon steels and certain Al-Mg alloys.[1] First reported by Guillaume Piobert, and later by W. Lüders,[2] the mechanism that stimulates their appearance is known as dynamic strain aging, or the inhibition of dislocation motion by interstitial atoms (in steels, typically carbon and nitrogen), around which "atmospheres" or "zones" naturally congregate.

Figure 1: Measured strain distribution of a tensile test (shape memory alloy) during loading and unloading shows moving Lüders bands. The measurement was performed with a LIMESS Digital image correlation system.
As internal stresses tend to be highest at the shoulders of tensile test specimens, band formation is favored in those areas. However, the formation of Lüders bands depends primarily on the microscopic (i.e. average grain size and crystal structure, if applicable) and macroscopic geometries of the material. For example, a tensile-tested steel bar with a square cross-section tends to develop comparatively more bands than would a bar of identical composition having a circular cross-section.[3]
The formation of a Lüders band is preceded by a yield point and a drop in the flow stress. Then the band appears as a localized event of a single band between plastically deformed and undeformed material that moves with the constant cross head velocity. The Lüders Band usually starts at one end of the specimen and propagates toward the other end.[4] The visible front on the material usually makes a well-defined angle typically 50–55° from the specimen axis as it moves down the sample.[5] During the propagation of the band the nominal stress–strain curve is flat.[4] After the band has passed through the material the deformation proceeds uniformly with positive strain hardening. Sometimes Lüders band transition into the Portevin–Le Chatelier effect while changing the temperature or strain rate, this implies these are related phenomena [4] Lüders bands are known as a strain softening instability.[5]
If a sample is stretched beyond the range of the Lüder strain once, no Lüder strain occurs any more when the sample is deformed again, since the dislocations have already torn themselves away from the interstitial atoms. For this reason, deep drawing sheets are often cold rolled in advance to prevent the formation of stretcher-strain marks during the actual deep drawing process.[6] The formation of Lüder bands can occur again with a deformation over time, since the interstitial atoms accumulate by diffusing processes called precipitation hardening (or aging).

Portevin–Le Chatelier effect
Adiabatic shear band
Persistent slip bands

^ Hutanu, Roxana; Clapham, Lynann; Rogge, R.B. (2005). "Intergranular strain and texture in steel Luders bands". Acta Materialia. 53 (12): 3517–3524. Bibcode:2005AcMat..53.3517H. doi:10.1016/j.actamat.2005.04.008.

^ Lüders, W. (1860). "Über die Äusserung der Elasticität an stahlartigen Eisenstäben, und über eine beim Biegen solcher Stäbe beobachtete Molecularbewegung" [On the manifestation of elasticity in steel-like iron rods, and on a molecular movement observed in the bending of such rods]. Polytechnisches Journal (in German). 155 (1): 18–22.

^ Ananthan, V.S.; Hall, E.O. (1991). "Macroscopic aspects of Lüders band deformation in mild steel". Acta Metallurgica et Materialia. 39 (12): 3153–3160. doi:10.1016/0956-7151(91)90049-7.

^ Jump up to: a b c Mesarovic, Sinisa Dj. (1995). "Dynamic strain aging and plastic instabilities". Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids. 43 (5): 671–700. Bibcode:1995JMPSo..43..671M. doi:10.1016/0022-5096(95)00010-G.

^ Jump up to: a b Ananthakrishna, G. (2007). "Current theoretical approaches to collective behavior of dislocations". Physics Reports. 440 (4–6): 113–259. Bibcode:2007PhR...440..113A. doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2006.10.003.

^ tec-science (2018-07-13). "Tensile test". tec-science. Retrieved 2019-11-05.

Richard W. Hertzberg, Deformation and Fracture Mechanics of Engineering Materials, 4th Edition, pp. 29–30 ISBN 0-471-01214-9
W. Mason, "The Lüders' Lines on Mild Steel", 1910 Proc. Phys. Soc. London 23 305[1]

🔐 Cryptographic Verification

Archived URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCders_band

�� CONTENT HASHES:
  SHA-256:  150cadf3971dd1a6a8b76840d0564dd3c7361f2e78d6cbd42e7141e142e216ae
  BLAKE2b:  cf2aab41549844b436069a2d40e80998883ef1379ec50b338696d3b4e777d651
  MD5:      c5225f9d7e2472612fa4a70d33303493

�� TITLE HASHES:
  SHA-256:  0908df02e1045d42c4b5dddc582283ce6c58c3131b02cde6318b2a6a50a84d6e
  BLAKE2b:  6e09e5c80a438cb202d5266473725d15d4aad57a772296ac80cab15b827ecf18
  MD5:      d5dd93f2c01986c4c7d8fc80a8d93c5b

�� INTEGRITY HASHES:
  SHA-256:  7bdafa8ddceca846546fae8e57b35afcfcfdfa93992a297f99607f1d530d9c21
  BLAKE2b:  32a3b064e3388dcabab6c11d018990d308b2b1011996034cef90ef526817a217
  MD5:      7f96b2941f80de8655e8280c75350bd9

Archived with ArcHive - Client-side cryptographic archival system