Social Reality: Violence, Power, and Change
The Ways of Change - Part 1 - Concepts and Theories
"We change the world by changing ourselves" - charlie777pt
Introduction
In this post, part 1 is about the Ways of Change and we will perceive the concepts and theories of attitudes, and in part two in the next post, we will understand the processes that take place in social and individual transformation.
Change as two main forms, one of the individual transformation of the attitudes, and various forms of social change.
Attitudes are " ..how the thoughts feelings and behaviours of the individual are influenced by the actual, imagined or implied presence of others" - definition of Social Psychology as a whole by G. W. AllportBefore clarifying the Concept of Change we are going to learn its various types, starting with the conceptualization of Katz that in 1974 divided the transformations in people and society as:
- Individual - The changes in the psychological subject.
- Progressive - Gradual changes in a social structure.
- Radical - Rearrangement of the elements of the social system.
- Cultural - Change of the beliefs and constructs in the society.
Human attitudes and reactions involve understanding, analysis, planning, decision making, which is a variable in each personality, and so it is necessary to take into account the individual differences in the capacity to understand the underlying causal factors or determinants of feelings, attitudes and behaviors.
Our attitudes are exposed to forms of social influence, revealed in the process of interaction in functional groups, a factor that results in the change of these attitudes and consequently of a person's behavior by the effect of the pressure of others and circumstances.
"Nothing can stop the man with the right mental attitude from achieving his goal; nothing on earth can help the man with the wrong mental attitude." - Thomas Jefferson
1- Attitude Change
1.1 - The concepts
It's very difficult to define the concept of attitude because it is a non-observable intrapsychic social-psychological construct, but let's start to define it as ways of being based in a process of learning, as a form of organization and comprehension of our experience.
We have a predisposition to act in relation to objects, people, and situations, that drive our behaviors and permit its evaluation.
Allport identified the 3 main dimensions of attitudes:
- The Cognitive Subject, that makes the evaluations of social situations by inferences and behavioral responses based in the perceptual attributes of an object, person or event by their attitudes that are unique as experiences that are shaped by their logic and rational view of reality.
- The Affective Subject, dealing with our attractions(+) or repulsions(-) in relation to a psychological object stimulation that influence the attitude based in our desires, fears, frustrations, and conflicts that determine the way we behave to an event.
- The Conative (that I call the Social Subject) that are the result of Affective and Cognitive estimations and correlations that create an intentional pre-disposition to behave in a certain way.
1.2 - Characteristics
An attitude is an experience construct, as a pre-set psychological model, structured with learning on the basis of social nexus and values and the dynamic of our beliefs used as a referential system for individual experience.
Attitudes have the quality of stability in our lives, defining a structure of our permanent values about people and objects in situations like country origin, racial biases, and political views.
Attitudes have the property of consistency to express a rational and coherent liaison between what we are and what we do.
A negative attitude generates a bad self-concept, self-esteem, and self-image and a positive one boosts the force and consistency of our personality.
According to Argyle, self-concept consists of two parts, self-image, as the way a person sees herself/himself, and the self-esteem, the value that one attributes to oneself.
Self-esteem is the personal judgment of valuation that is expressed in the attitudes that the individual takes upon himself.
The image of the body although it is a different factor of order is also an important part of the self-image, because it is probably the first part of the self-image formed in child, as well as the motor development is correlated with the self-esteem.
"It is our attitude at the beginning of a difficult task which, more than anything else, will affect its successful outcome." - William James
1.3 - Theories of Attitude Change
We are going to mention a three of the several theories of attitude change, two about cognitive equlibrium and dissonance, and a third about conduct predictability
1.3.1 - Equilibrium
The cognitive approach sutdies the equilibrated interaction of thoughts and feelings or emotions as organized blocks of perception of objects and people as a referencial of positive relations to generate equilibrium.
This equlibrium is based in three elements, the person affectivily (negative or positive) connected to other person(s) and to objects that can create harmony or desiquilibrium.
1.3.2 - Dissonance
As the theory of equilibrium, the conceptualization of cognitive dissonance is based in cognitive coherence and conssonance.
This theory emphasizes the dissonace between two cognitive elements that are mutual exclusive by logic or opposition.
When we have a lot of information and we know that it is bad to consume lots of sugar, but we keep doing it creates a big dissonance with the knowledge we have about the consequences of that substance to our health.
Dissonance reaveals itself in:
- Lack of Logic - information we have is incoherent with our actions(stop eating sugar)
- A Double Role play- the tension resulting form the dissonace between being and acting, like working and have time for our kids.
- Environment Change - when we change our ambient our attitudes are incongruent to that situation.
- Situational Factors - Situations that trigger attitudes against our oppinions. Behing an environmental activist will create internal problems if you go to work for an oil company.
- Attitude Incompatibility - Situations that demand new attitudes against the permanent values of a person, like changing to an upper class and dress the old way.
1.3.3 - Functionalism
The theories of Functionalism have two diffrent approaches, one about attitudes as functions and the other that studies the relations between Attitudes and Behaviors.1.3.3.1 - Attitudes as Functions
The scientific view of attitudes as functions based in cognitive, afective and social needs.1.3.3.2 - Attitude/Behavior Relations
This view has a fundamental problem because the attitudes are internal, not observable and not measurable, unlike behaviors that can be seen and measured.This theories have the focus on identifying attitudes to make prediction of behaviors, used in politics with base of the relation between a positve attitude to a candidate and voting intentions.
In one side attitudes can predict behaviors, like if you smoke weed it is expected that you support legalization and adherence to depenalization movements.
On the other side some approches study the relation between reinforcement or weakning of the binome Attitude/Behavior and find the factors of its coherence, by analysing the intentions of individuals as predictors of conducts.
The intentions are based in the relations between attitudes, the pressure of normative beliefs and a feeling of conformity.
Attitudes have orienting properties to intentions, like if you hate activism you will never go to their manifestations.
"Weakness of attitude becomes weakness of character". Albert EinsteinWe stop here part 1 of this post about the conceptualization of Attitudes to go back to the ways of change and in part 2 analyse the processes of Change.
Videos:
The Link Between Attitudes and Behavior
Attitude influences behavior
Further reading:
Attitude (psychology) - Wikipedia
Last posts in this series on Social Reality: Violence, Power and Change
Introduction:
Social Reality: Violence, Power and ChangeA - Violence:
An Introduction to ViolenceThe Concepts of Violence, Aggression, and Aggressiveness
The Theories on Violence
The influencers of Violence -Part One - Culture and Social Context
The influencers of Violence -Part Two - Social , Cognitive and Environmental Factors
The ascend of Today's Violence
B -Power:
What is Power? - IntroductionThe Nature of Power The Dynamics of Power:
- Part 1 - The Legitimacy of Authority
- Part 2 - The Models of Leadership
- Part 3 - Characteristics of Leadership
- Part 4 - The Relation in Leadership
- Part 5 - Decision-making and Leadership
- Part 1- Philosophical Rally on the Matrix of Power
- Part 2 - Deprivation
- Part 3- Submission
- Part 4- Corruption
- Part 5 - Resistance
- Part 6 - Power in Cyberspace
C - Change:
Change and CultureThe Theories and Concepts of Change
Factors determining Change - Part 1 - Lite version
Factors determining Change - Part 2 - Complex version
The Ways of Change - Part 1 - Concepts and Theories- this post
Articles from the next series of posts about Social Reality, Violence, Power and Change:
C - Change:(cont.)
The Ways of Change - Part 2 - The Process of ChangeA Social Change