Under the Köppen climate classification, for tropical climates, a wet season month is defined as a month where average precipitation is 60 millimetres (2.4 in) or more.[4] In contrast to areas with savanna climates and monsoon regimes, Mediterranean climates have wet winters and dry summers. Dry and rainy months are characteristic of tropical seasonal forests: in contrast to tropical rainforests, which do not have dry or wet seasons, since their rainfall is equally distributed throughout the year.[5] Some areas with pronounced rainy seasons will see a break in rainfall mid-season, when the intertropical convergence zone or monsoon trough moves to higher latitudes in the middle of the warm season.[6]
When the wet season occurs during a warm season, or summer, precipitation falls mainly during the late afternoon and early evening. In the wet season, air quality improves, fresh water quality improves, and vegetation grows substantially, leading to crop yields late in the season. Rivers overflow their banks, and some animals retreat to higher ground. Soil nutrients diminish and erosion increases. The incidence of malaria increases in areas where the rainy season coincides with high temperatures, particularly in tropical areas.[7] Some animals have adaptation and survival strategies for the wet season. Often, the previous dry season leads to food shortages in the wet season, as the crops have yet to mature.
Character of the rainfall Edit
Wet season storm at night in Darwin, Australia.
In areas where the heavy rainfall is associated with a wind shift, the wet season is known as the monsoon.[8] Rainfall in the wet season is mainly due to daytime heating which leads to diurnal thunderstorm activity within a pre-existing moist airmass, so the rain mainly falls in late afternoon and early evening in savannah and monsoon regions. Further, much of the total rainfall each day occurs in the first minutes of the downpour,[6] before the storms mature into their stratiform stage.[9] Most places have only one wet season, but areas of the tropics can have two wet seasons, because the monsoon trough, or Intertropical Convergence Zone, can pass over locations in the tropics twice per year. However, since rain forests have rainfall spread evenly through the year, they do not have a wet season.[5]
It is different for places with a Mediterranean climate. In the western United States, during the cold season from September–May, extratropical cyclones from the Pacific Ocean move inland into the region due to a southward migration of the jet stream during the cold season. This shift in the jet stream brings much of the annual precipitation to the region,[10] and sometimes also brings heavy rain and strong low pressure systems.[11] The peninsula of Italy has weather very similar to the western United States in this regard.[12]
Areas affected Edit
Areas with a savanna climate in Sub-Saharan Africa, such as Ghana, Burkina Faso,[13][14] Darfur,[15] Eritrea,[16] Ethiopia,[17] and Botswana have a distinct rainy season.[18] Also within the savanna climate regime, Florida and South Texas have a rainy season.[19] Monsoon regions include the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia (including Indonesia and Philippines),[20] northern sections of Australia's North,[21] Polynesia,[22] Central America,[23] western and southern Mexico,[24] the Desert Southwest of the United States,[10] southern Guyana,[25] portions of northeast Brazil.[26]
Northern Guyana has two wet seasons: one in early spring and the other in early winter.[25] In western Africa, there are two rainy seasons across southern sections, but only one across the north.[27] Within the Mediterranean climate regime, the west coast of the United States and the Mediterranean coastline of Italy, Greece,[28] and Turkey experience a wet season in the winter months.[29] Similarly, the wet season in the Negev desert of Israel extends from October through May.[30] At the boundary between the Mediterranean and monsoon climates lies the Sonoran desert, which receives the two rainy seasons associated with each climate regime.[31]
The wet season is known by many different local names throughout the world. For example, in Mexico it is known as "storm season". Different names are given to the various short "seasons" of the year by the Aboriginal tribes of Northern Australia: the wet season typically experienced there from December to March is called Gudjewg. The precise meaning of the word is disputed, although it is widely accepted to relate to the severe thunderstorms, flooding, and abundant vegetation growth commonly experienced at this time.[32]
Effects Edit
Monsoon in the Vindhya mountain range, central India.
In tropical areas, when the monsoon arrives, high daytime high temperatures drop and overnight low temperatures increase, thus reducing diurnal temperature variation.[33] During the wet season, a combination of heavy rainfall and, in some places such as Hong Kong, an onshore wind, improve air quality.[34] In Brazil, the wet season is correlated with weaker trade winds off the ocean.[26] The pH level of water becomes more balanced due to the charging of local aquifers during the wet season.[35] Water also softens, as the concentration of dissolved materials reduces during the rainy season.[36] Erosion is also increased during rainy periods.[6] Arroyos that are dry at other times of the year fill with runoff, in some cases with water as deep as 10 feet (3.0 m).[37] Leaching of soils during periods of heavy rainfall depletes nutrients.[37] The higher runoff from land masses affects nearby ocean areas, which are more stratified, or less mixed, due to stronger surface currents forced by the heavy rainfall runoff.[38]
Floods Edit
High rainfall can cause widespread flooding,[39] which can lead to landslides and mudflows in mountainous areas.[40] Such floods cause rivers to burst their banks and submerge homes.[41] The Ghaggar-Hakra River, which only flows during India's monsoon season, can flood and severely damage local crops.[42] Floods can be exacerbated by fires that occurred during the previous dry season, which cause soils which are sandy or composed of loam to become hydrophobic, or water repellent.[43] In various ways governments may help people deal with wet season floods. Flood plain mapping identifies which areas are more prone to flooding.[44] Instructions on controlling erosion through outreach[clarification needed] are also provided by telephone or the internet.