I have had poison ivy before and I don't think that's what you had. Usually it takes a while for the oil to soak in and start causing a reaction. It took almost a full day before I really started to feel anything.

It's possible it was wild parsnip or gianthog weed. I haven't run into either of them, but they might be faster acting than poison ivy.

http://www.cbsnews.com/news/wild-parsnip-giant-hogweed-toxic-plants-to-watch-out-for/