N. I. Novikov vs Catherine the Great,
or
in prison for literary activities
ххх
In the second half of the eighteenth century a number of writers and scholars went towards a radical democratic ideology. A striking representative of the noble intelligentsia, who entered into the most severe controversy with Catherine the great (in my opinion, just insulting to her), is Nikolai Novikov.
The story "Velma dark and prochitala". About the writer-publisher, who wrote nasty things about the monarch, or rather, monachino. In practice, the prototype of a free journalist is a critic. A sort of Lech Bulk of the 18th century bottling. A blogger is a publisher critical of the government.
The focus of almost all researchers is "touching" (to tears) the relationship of Catherine II and N. And. Novikov are horror stories about the persecution of the Empress Novikov, "the illuminator and the wrestler who dared to challenge the authorities and paid the price of personal freedom." However, recently there are studies that challenge this well-established opinion, and interpret Novikov's works as an integral part of the Catherine project "resurrection" of Russian history.
Katya the Great was obsessed with the idea of an"enlightened monarchy." Well, just wedge it on values that include "not only the Strength, but the Mind and even Feelings." The sacral image of the Monarch was secularized, transforming into a" philosopher", which allowed him to have recognizable personal traits.
Catherine the Great, as part of its policy, it wanted to influence Russian literature and public opinion. So came the decision to publish a satirical magazine "miscellaneous", in the first number of which Catherine the Great wrote his famous lines: "..vsemilostivogo allow everyone to publish in Russian satirical journals without censorship and even anonymously".
It was widely known that anonymous publisher of the "stuff" was hiding Katyusha. She determined the theme and the boundaries of permitted criticism and satire
Many note that Catherine the Great belonged to a small number of monarchs who intensively and directly communicated with their subjects by drawing up manifests, instructions, laws, polemic articles and indirectly in the form of satirical works, historical dramas and pedagogical opuses.
Why not Twitter, Facebook and our time?
Catherine herself called the magazine: "Satire in a smiling spirit." Then it will contribute to the publication Of the magazine "Interlocutor lovers of the Russian word" (SLRS). This magazine Catherine built as an apology of national culture: more than half of the volume of CPRS occupy her "Notes about Russian history."
"The language program of SLRS is devoted to the reconstruction of the concept of the Russian literary language put forward by Catherine II, formulated in one of her most famous works – "Stories and tales".
It is based on the awareness of the need to "cleanse" the language. For the successful solution of this task it is necessary to distance themselves from the "Russian French" despise everything Russian, and pedants, catching up on reader "boredom", which recognized the most unpleasant condition. Naming the writer "boring" is the most severe punishment. Moreover, the "boredom" cause composing "grammarians" who are interested in form rather than content.
"Boredom" is opposed to "pleasure", which is much more important than writing skills or moralizing pathos
However, one of the main advantages of Catherine's "stories and tales" – short. And the main organizing principle of the text is recognized that no justification is given for the selection of the life material. Catherine studiously pretend that the page "Stories" can get everything that is in the field of view of the author: "paki write what comes to mind". Moreover, as it turns out, the process of writing can completely subdue the writer. But to fix the fullness of human life is impossible, it remains only that you have time to write down briefly, sketches. That is why records made on loose sheets, scraps of paper.
Catherine the Great is constantly playing with the boundaries of literature and life, and as a result of this game there are "new kind of works" based on the "pleasant simplicity and ease of calmness." This "was" successfully avoided "the common rhetorical places that serve a lot of authors in their creations and figures used all vitami", and together with those "strictly excludes anything that is not in a good mood the spirit."
The actual beginning of the literary activity of N. IV. Novikov researchers associate with the influence of political speeches of democratic deputies in the Commission on the drafting of the new Code.
The feudal nobles were defending their ancestral rights and argued with the defence of peasant interests. Prince M. Shcherbatov and M. Glazov, actively opposed the speakers of the democratic group. Numerous political disputes of democratic deputies, who proposed to "prescribe the laws of the Supreme power" or "destroy slavery" forced Catherine the Great to abandon the Commission on the drafting of a new Code. By decree, this Commission was dissolved under the pretext of the war with Turkey. A month after the dissolution of N. And. Novikov will resign. His work in the Commission had convinced him of the need for independent public action.
It is in this situation N. And. Novikov decides to publish his satirical magazine called"drone". Public and political debate of the democratic deputies, apparently, led to the desire N. And. Novikova is not just to publish our own magazine, and to intervene in those disputes which arose in the work of the Commission.
By decree of Catherine II in 1767 the peasants were forbidden under threat of exile in Siberia to complain about landlords. Novikov took on the role of" writer " of their complaints. The Commission raised the issue of improving the situation of serfs, and this issue was resolved from a moral standpoint. From the same position three months after leaving the Commission Novikov will cry out from the pages of "Drone" to the philanthropic nobles, will describe paintings to the plight of the peasants.
However, it is impossible to identify his position with the revolutionary, dedicated to the violent overthrow of the autocracy, as is often done, the researchers of the Soviet era. H. And. Novikov considered it necessary to work on the moral improvement of each individual, to help him get rid of defects.
In this regard, in 1775 in St. Petersburg Novikov enters the Lodge of masons. Participation in the Masonic organization gave it new means and opportunities which Novikov directed on deployment of publishing activity and wide charity.
Leaving the publication of collections of historical documents – "Ancient Russian vivliothecs" (1773-1775) and "the Narrator of the Russian antiquities" (1776), Novikov in 1777 began to produce Russia's first journal of critical bibliography of the "St. Petersburg scientists Vedomosti".
From 1782 to 1786 the Appendix to" Vedomosti "served as" Urban and rural library or Fun and pleasure of the mind and heart in idle time, containing both stories and stories moralizing and funny and adventure funny, sad, funny and amazing." Original works in three parts, "Library" was printed "Proverbs of the Russian.
The story itself is a kind of explanation, interpretation of the proverb and the reasons for its existence in the people. Especially revealing in this regard, his stories (only six of them) about the Old and gray-haired depraved woman, in which the reader easily recognized Catherine II. "There was a woman," we read in the first story, " that wrinkles and gray hair quite ugly, but the temptation of the devil it all seemed to her as if she was 18 years old... it constantly seemed as if all the young men are captivated by her." In the second story, the old woman, who has a beautiful and adult daughter, falls in love with a 20-year-old youngster, with whom she pays for his caresses, draining the cash supply, "emptying the bags of the Treasury."
In the third story, "having grey hair in her head, the woman... the temptation of the devil begins to think that she is able to compose poetry and prose, the Mara love tales, scribbled idylls, eclogues, and other small works, but does not see."
Following the proverb "a Gray beard, but a lusty" directly and openly denounced the Royal debauchery.
Novikov was able to skillfully use the technique of allusion. For example, he, denouncing Catherine, called her an elderly lady of non-Russian origin, training in the writing of books called "nonsense" imagines himself "the world vospalitel of virtue." At the time of writing, Catherine the great was 40 years old. In 1782 she was 52 years old. It is well known that the transition to old age was marked by Catherine enhanced change favorites.
"Among many people of both sexes is visible is a woman of about fifty, but not so bad to be good gifts which buck could not even like. She surrounding women pushes away, gets angry and turns away from them, and men of every class shows affection, gives them the sign that they came to her, and is annoyed that they oppose, Behind her the two men, not dressed, on her show. Question one: who is she? The answer to the other: Bezumnoe" ("drone", 1770, l. XIII). According To p. N. Berkova in this picture depicts Catherine the Great.
It is quite obvious the personal and unfair nature of these attacks N. I. Novikov against the Empress.
In the" Addition to the Moscow Gazette "for 1784 (№69-71) Novikov published an article" the History of the order of the Jesuits", which contained a number of unfavorable for this powerful organization information. After learning about the article, Catherine II ordered to withdraw "the Additions", stating that it, "giving our patronage to this order can not tolerate that from anyone the slightest predestine that meter was committed".
In the pedagogical works of E. R. Dashkova (1783), rumored to be held in an intimate relationship with the loving Katya, and N. And.Novikov, defects of family education was associated with excessive fascination for everything foreign and the loss of the national meeting the rich Patriotic traditions. So there is a desire Katie a great trip Novikov. Not itself, so through favorite.
For the sake of honesty I must say that the attitude of the Empress to Novikov was not always hostile. In 1773, Catherine II ordered even to give him two thousand rubles for the publication of the" Ancient Russian viviophics", providing, at the same time, the opportunity to use some of the materials from the state archive, as well as from his personal library. Later, however, their relationship was given a crack. The blame for this was, of course, as circumstances, and he himself. I. Novikov, clearly exited in his polemic with Catherine the great from the not only "permissible", but also basic decency.
First of all, Novikov set out to disrupt the mask of an enlightened monarch with Catherine-writer, to show the public the true face of the monarch-despot engaged in literature. Moreover, in his articles Novikov first created a sharply pamphlet image of Catherine-despot. Catherine - an elderly lady of" non-Russian origin", poorly aware in Russian and" praise spoiled", only chattering about"humanity".
But, says Novikov as he tried "unlimited smallbiz" to change into a wise sovereign, he "from this humble cover bites all lishshe of Cervera".
It's safe to assume that the basic material "stuff" belong to Catherine II, in which the Kozitsky performed the functions of literary editor. The article "I sucrose to live in hired houses..."where it was reported about the beating of serfs, appeared in 13th sheet "stuff" in April 1769, this was the first mention of serfdom in the modern press.
Destruction program journal of satire was offered "stuff" with the letter of Athenogoras Paracinema. The letter was reinforced by this PostScript: "I want tomorrow to propose a fifth rule, namely, to continue that no one can reason, what anyone does not understand; and sixth, so that no one does not think that he alone can correct the whole world."
The initial shout is clearly heard in these lines, and it belongs to the unspoken editor of "All things" – Catherine II. This tone she immediately learned in disputes with rebellious writers.
This caused a response Novikov. In the V sheet of "Drone" dated may 26, signed by "Pravdulyubov", which later became a permanent pseudonym of the publisher in the controversy of 1769, Novikov wrote: "Many weak conscience people never mention the name of Vice, not adding to that humanity...".
"Sundries" No. 23 Pravdolyubov accused of cruelty towards others: "Think it must be, what he would want for everything about everything whip to whip".
Novikov at VIII sheet "Drone" replied, "Madam All sorts of things we were angry and our nravouchitel reasoning calls curses. But now I see she's less to blame than I thought. All her fault that in Russian it is not able to Express and the Russian Scriptures in detail can not understand, and this wine is peculiar to many of our writers".
"Drone" reproached the Empress in poor knowledge of the Russian language, pretending not to know who texting and arguing. This boldness was not equal. Further Novikov makes it clear that the cross between "all sorts" is explained by the administrative power in the hands of its publisher.
After that article, signed by the name Pravdoliubov, Novikov published a letter Chistoserdova, speaking in support of the journal. Chistoserdov warns the publisher: in court circles believe that the author of "Drone" in their sled sits and says absolutely nothing about notable people. "Who de not have reverence and subservience to the aristocracy, he is a bad servant." This letter Novikov warned its readers about where the "drone" can expect trouble, but did not reduce the tone of satire. The active controversy of the publisher "Drone" with the government magazine "all things" could not go with impunity: in April 1770, tired of his "bumblebee buzz" magazine was closed.
Novikova attempt in 1770 to publish through frontman's new satirical edition of "Chatterbox" failed on the second sheet. In 1772, using favorable political events, applying the tactics of "caution", Novikov began publishing a new magazine called "Painter".
A number of articles caused a stir in the noble corps. In June 1773, on the eve of the Pugachev uprising, Novikov released the last sheet of the "Painter". Two years later, Novikov made the so-called third edition of "Painter". The established opinion in the scientific literature that it was a simple reprint of the "Painter", is deeply mistaken, according to G. p. Makogonenko. From the "Drone" was reprinted "Unsubscribe peasants". In "Drone" it was the materials of the polemic with Catherine II Pravdolyubov.
With her usual energy, Catherine quickly takes up the pen of the playwright, barely having time to finish the publication of "stuff". In 1771 were written in 1772 came out one after another on the stage of the court theatre, five comedies of the Empress: "Oh, time!""The birthday of Mrs. Warchalking", "Front noble Lord", "Lady Vestnikov with family" and "the Bride invisible." The artistic level of these plays, according to contemporaries, was very low, but the thoughts and demands of the author appeared in them quite clearly. Continuing, as did "jambalaya", ridicule, gossip, human nonsense, bragging, ignorance, Catherine II, however, included in the text of the comedies of the hints, especially fiercely attacking the noble liberals. The play was to convince viewers that a reasonable government cares about the welfare of Russia, and fools schemers and fault-finders hinder him in this.
Comedy Empress of success on the stage had, this new claim on the leadership of the minds ended badly also, but to come up with other ways had soon the events of the peasant war 1773-1775 forced the government, pushing the literary form, an iron fist to impose order in the Russian provinces. By this time, the nobility, frightened by the performance of the people, had forgotten about the liberal conversations and hastened to support the Empress.
His magazine "Painter" Novikov tried to associate with literary performances of the Empress. He devoted, or, as they said in the eighteenth century "attributed" it "unknown" writer of the Comedy "About time!", ie to Catherine II. Novikov says a number of compliments, skillfully suggesting the purpose of this satire and pretending that it is these tasks and will follow the "Painter", no matter how not retreating from the program outlined in the Comedy of Catherine the great.
"You are the first to write a Comedy exactly in our mores; you are the first with such art and sharpness forced to listen to the uniqueness of satire with pleasure and pleasure; you are the first with such noble courage attacked the vices that dominated in Russia." He even hopes for the Empress's cooperation in his journal: "I would like to ask you to do the honor of my journal with a message of any of your small works..."
Of course, Catherine II in his comedies do not expect you to resort to public criticism of shortcomings. However, the "Scripture" was made so skillfully that the Empress had no choice but to take it at face value. It was impossible, really, to explain that she does not think about the satire and what the publisher of "the Painter" heard her wrong. Novikov took advantage of a good start and continued to act in this direction. He did not forget to lavish praise to the Empress, in the interval between printing is very sharp article exposing the character. In one of the first sheets of the "Painter", namely in the fifth, Novikov placed the most powerful and significant speech on the peasant question – "Excerpt travel in*******T****".
There are allegations that Novikov's journals ceased to exist under pressure from above. However A. I. Kondratiev believed, that on fact all decided lack of subscribers. However, Masonic activity Novikov sympathies Catherine did not cause.
The first polemic composition of Catherine II, directed against the masons - "the Secret of the anti - blind society", a witty parody of the Masonic rituals-was published in 1780.subsequently, her discontent resulted in three comedies written by her and staged in 1786, exposing and ridiculing "free masons. In General, the condemnation of Novikov-Mason did not prevent Catherine to use the "language" "Drone" and "Painter" for their own purposes.
However, the effect of the literary controversy with the masons, as was forced to recognize later Catherine II herself, was extremely insignificant. It became obvious that a literary controversy with the masons is not enough: it is time to use the power.
Novikov and his friends ' publishing, social and charitable activities continued to attract the government's attention. In 1785 Catherine II ordered to examine all the books published by Novikov, and to test it in the laws of the Orthodox faith. Archbishop Platon conducted such a test, and after a conversation with Novikov reported to the Empress that he was a true Christian.
Trying to find in the works of Novikov's anything wrong Catherine the great failed. At the first news about the French bourgeois revolution of 1789 Novikov's supervision intensified.
In 1972, in the hands of Catherine II got Novikov magazine "Addition". For an article printed in it, Catherine the Great began the police pursuit Novikov. Reading this magazine, the Empress realized what an influential political force has become the educational center created by Novikov in Moscow. That's why she, according to her Secretary Khrapovitsky, considered Novikov a "smart and dangerous per
Novikov was searched, he was arrested at the estate and taken under escort to Moscow, and then secretly transported to the Shlisselburgskaya fortress. Novikov was declared a "state criminal", a publisher of"corrupt books." Was released from prison Novikov only in 1796, by decree of the Emperor Paul I. To death, in 1818, Novikov lived in poverty and hardship.
And nefig was to criticize the Great Katka: I'm vaguely resembles
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