The standard model is basically the collection of all we know about particle interaction on the smallest scales.
It accounts for almost everything.
It remains consistent and predicts almost everything we see.
It is a theory of interactions between subatomic particles.
The theory contains all the interactions with the electromagnetic, weak nuclear force and the strong nuclear force. Sadly, we have found gravity simply does not fit.
Fermions.
Fermions are both leptons and quarks. They all have a spin of 1/2 and a corresponding antiparticle. Quarks carry a "color charge" which causes them to be bound to each other via the strong interaction. This creates Hadrons (if "color neutral"), Mesons which contain a quark and an anti quark or Baryons which contain 3 quarks. They all have electric charge and weak isospin. This means they interact with both the weak nuclear force and electromagnetism.
6 Fermions do not carry a color charge, thus are in a different category: leptons. Three are neutrinos. Neutrinos (as the name suggests) are electrically neutral and color neutral, only interacting through the weak nuclear force. This makes them extremely hard to detect as they are also extremely light and extremely fast.
The other three do interact electromagnetically the tau, moun and electron are fermions.
Those that carry force: the Gauge bosons
The Gauge bosons carry weak nuclear force, strong nuclear force and electromagnetism. These particles are a result of other particles interacting with each other. They are exchanged with these interactions, for example when an object is pushing another this particle causes the acceleration. They have a spin of one which makes them different from fermions. This also allows an infinite density of these particles.
The electroweak connection.
The electroweak connection is a group of 3 particles the W(+ or -) boson, Z boson and the photon. Thw W- has a negitive electric charge and interacts with normal matter, while the W+ is the opposite. The Z boson is far heavier and like the W bosons interacts with the weak nuclear force, but is electrically neutral. The photon has no mass and interacts only with electromagnetism.
The Higgs boson.
The Higgs is relatively new (even though it was predicted 50 years ago), which means we have learned a lot about it but not everything. It is not stable and decays almost immediately. It has a spin of 0 and since it has mass interacts with itself. It is about 125 GEV or 125 times the energy of a proton.
It gives objects mass but not gravity. Inertia is what is caused by it, gravity and mass are linked but not the same thing. A force particle for gravity is theorized but has not yet been found.
more reading:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Model
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_particle
image source: www.fnal.gov/pub/inquiring/timeline/images/standardmodel.gif
upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Standard_Model_Feynman_Diagram_Vertices.png