Advances in technology and science have spawned a new product of technology named cloning. According to biological scientists, cloning can be done on genetically identical individuals to produce its copies when organisms such as plants, insect or bacteriareproduce asexually .
Refers to the definition of cloning in the biology, that cloning can be applied to asexually reproducing organisms. This does not means that cloning cann't be applied to certain organisms that reproducing sexually such as humans and animals.
The application of biotechnology to cloning systems has been done by experts to make copies of DNA fragments (molecular cloning), cells (cell cloning), or organisms.[cloning in biotechnology]
Based on the above description, it can be concluded that the definition of cloning is an attempt to create a group of new individuals from individuals that is genetically identical through the process of making a copy. a more simple understanding, cloning is a copy and paste of genetically identical individuals.
History of cloning starts from the dolly sheep
A scientists from a world-leading institute for animal research, Ian Walnut at February 22, 1997 announced birth a female sheep of result first cloning that named Dolly. Although his birth was announced at that time, but actually he was born on July 5, 1996 - February 14, 2003, his age is not long only 6 years.[The Birth of Dolly Sheep]
According to information from kompas.com, the name of dolly sheep (with code "6LL3") dimabil from the name of the famous artist and singer in America, Dolly Parton on suggestions from an animal rancher who helped his birth as a sign that the sheep are cloned from the mammary gland.[the origin of the name dolly]
Cloning As Process of Creation of A Individuals Without a Mating
As we know that animals including humans can only do generative reproduction. In the history of human life there are only Prophet Adam, Siti Hawa and Prophet Isa who was born without the process of mating. Where the prophet Adam was created by God from the Land, Jesus was born by a mother and Siti Hawa was created from Adam's left rib. But today, humans with scientific and technological sophistication that exist today have started tracking his feet a step into the territory of God.
One of the process of creating a living thing without mating is cloning. this is already evident from the cloning done on the dolly sheep 20 years ago.
How the creation process of dolly sheep
According to research conducted by scientists that cloning is done in two ways. First, somatic cell donors (body cells), and both donors ovum (gamete cells). in this cloning process requires absolute mains without fertilization and gene recombination from the male parent to the female parent, so that the cloned child is exactly the same as the 'mother' of the somatic cell donor.
From research in Dolly sheep clones that scientists started cloning by taking a nipple cell from a sheep as a somatic cell (body cell). then the scientists take the ovum (egg cell) from a female sheep another after continued by removing the cell nucleus. After somatic cells and eggs are obtained, then the next step is made fusion by giving electric shock resulting in membrane eggs open. Until this stage, scientists get an egg cell containing somatic cell nuclei. It turns out that the fusion of these cells shows properties similar to zygotes, and will begin the process of division.[the process of cloning sheep dolly]
Based on the creation process, Dolly was born from three mothers: one mother providing eggs, one provides DNA, and the last one that the mother who becomes mother.
How is Islam's View of Human cloning
From the above description it can be assumed that if cloning technology is applied to humans, then the child born process will have 3 mothers like dolly sheep. This can be a problem if it is associated with religious issues especially Islamic. Why ?, Because children born from the cloning process, will have an impact on the legality of the law, the position of the child is not clear, and also affect the other laws that apply in the family.
Besides, the child born from the cloning process has no father, while in Islam the lineage is attributed to a father. The father who does not possess the father is divided into two, the first orphan (at first there is the father, then his father is not due to death), the orphan is not legally Islamic to the adulterous child because there is a legitimate father even though he died. and second, child of adultery relationship (premarital sex). then based on this, it can be said that the child born of the cloning process is a child of adultery, because he exists without the process of genetic reproduction (mating).
Further, the adulterous child (the child outside of marriage),line of descent is not attributed to his biological father, but affixed to his mother. While the cloned child have 3 mothers, meaning he does not have a clear mother. If asked from 3 of her mother "which is her mother" ?, this will be difficult to answer. This is in accordance with the words of the prophet:
ولد زنا لأهل أمه من كانوا حرة أو أمة
"For his mother's surviving family, whether she's a free woman or a slave."[Read more]
If analyzed further, biologically that the birth of a child using sperm or somatic nucleus (body cell) in fertilization is essentially the same. so it can be said that cloning has similarities with other reproductive technologies such as babies for example that are already known by the community, but what distinguishes it here is the technique alone.
If it refers to the process of dolly sheep creation above, then it can be seen that egg mixing (ovum) with donor somatic cells is not bound by legitimate marriage, thus causing the relationship to be invalid and the child being born an illegitimate. this is same with the child the result of adultery according to Islamic law.
But biologically, a cloned child with a donor cell can be said to be the child of the donor cell owner and owner of the ovum, since the child grows and develops from fertilization whose seeds come from cell and ovum owners. And the child also inherits the properties of the donor cell owner through the genes contained in the donor cell and is the only provider of genes that will grow into embryos.
Conclusion
Based on the description above, it can be concluded that cloning on human is prohibited by the grounds that cloning on humans is a reproduction technology to create children without father who has the same legal status with children of adultery (children of premarital relationship) which causes lineage of children of result of cloning unclarity .
References:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloning
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproduksi
http://bio1151.nicerweb.com/Locked/media/ch20/dolly.html
https://konsultasisyariah.com/10578-anak-di-luar-nikah.html
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