sourec A complex puzzle of modern physics, what the universe is made of! There was a time when people thought that everything in the world was made of water (Thelis, 624-547 BC). Then one time thought that everything was made of soil, air, water and fire (Empedocles, 484-424 AD). But the days have changed, now we know that water, air, fire, or soil are nothing but basic things, but the combination of different substances. Although these substances are different, there is a similarity between each and every one of them, and the substance is formed by the very small particles called atoms (though the substance of the atom is different from the substance). But the ideas of atoms are not entirely new; Many years before the birth of Christ, Greek philosopher Democrats (460-370 BC) first named the smallest particle of matter as Atom (Atom). Democratus's prototype was completed in early 1800 by John Dalton, so he was called Dalton's Atomic Theory. Now the point is that atoms are basic? Nah, the basic particle is the smallest unit of matter which can not be broken. In other words, if a substance is broken, then it can not be divided into smaller parts, the smallest particle of matter is the basic material. In the light of current knowledge, according to the basic material, atoms are not fundamental. However, due to the limitations of our knowledge, until the twentieth century, the atoms were considered as basic substances. This idea was reduced to 1897, when JJ Thomson (1856-1940) found an electron (e-) of the negative charge charged in the atoms of the particle; From here, there is a doubt about the fundamentality of the theory. This doubt is true when Rutherford (1871-1937) did the most important experiment in his life in 1909. He threw an extremely thin (0.00004 cm) alpha particle on the gold foil (like the sum of two protons and 2 neutrons, like a helium atom) and found that every particle in every 20,000 particles instead of penetrating the gold plate He is coming back, from this he decides that there is a heavy particle / object with positive charge in the center of the atom, in which the particle is returning; And almost the entire mass of atom is concentrated in this particle, while the rest of the atom is almost empty. The nucleus in the center of the atom is called the particle. From here it was proved that atoms are not fundamental.
Image: The universally accepted model of atomic structure
Later it was known that the electron particle rotates around the nucleus in the center of the atom (attracting the center's positive and electrons negative charge parallel). Still, the formation of the nucleus was not known, wait until 1932. Then, in 1919, at Rutherford's nucleus, the positive charge (+) proton (p) and 1932 scientist Chadwick (1891-1974) found neutron particles of nuclei in the nucleus. It was then found that the nucleus in the center of the atom is not the single nuclei, but protons and neutron sticks. In Mudakatha, it was clear in 1930 that the atom is not at all a basic particle; And in 1932 it was proved that the atom is composed of more microscopic electrons, protons and neutrons. One more thing is clear here that the proton in the nucleus of a given substance and the number of electrons rotating around it, for example, the number of protons in the nucleus of carbon (C) of the element 6 and the number of electrons 6; As a result, the same positive charge (+) and negative charge hold (-) parallel and contributes to the formation of the atomic structure. The incident but not yet finished.
Scientists began to wonder how the protons or neutrons can be broken or broken at all! Protein and neutrons were given high levels of energy as a result of the enhancement of the membrane instrument, and high collision with the nuclear nucleus of atom. Scientists are surprised to see that this collision has produced a lot of tiny tiny particles than them. It was also seen that protons or neutrons are not basic, they can also be broken. The quark was found broken by them. For example, two up quarks (u) and 1 down quark (d) are composed of protons (uud); And a neutron (udd) is formed with 2 down (d) and 1 up quark (u). Electron can not be broken, however, because the electron itself is a basic particle, and it is called lepton particle. The particle physicists create a list or model to easily understand and remember these particles, which is called the Standard Model of Particle
soure Handheld in the atom
According to the standard model, all the substances and forces of the universe are made up of only two types of particles - Fermion and Boson. All known ingredients are made of pharmacron particles; On the other hand, all types of balls (gravitational, electromagnetic force, weak nuclear force and strong nuclear force) emerge for the particle of Boson (this is named after the name of Saturn Bose!). The pharmacy particles are again divided into three generations. In the meantime, the first generation of granules can only make steamed material. Below are the list of standard models, all of them will be clear.
The particles that are called Fermi-Fermi (1901-1954) and Paul Draaq (1902-1984), are federi-particles according to the Fermi-Dirac statistics. Fermion particles can be divided into two parts, quark and lepton. The quark is of six types - up, down, Charm, Strange, Top and Bottom. On the other hand, leptons are also six types - Electron, Electron Neutrino, Muon, Muon Neutrino, Tau and Tau Neutrino. However, in six types of quarks, only the up and down quark (u and d) and six types of lepton particles play role in the formation of only electron (e) substances. Since the quacks are very heavy, the vacuum fluctuates just as soon as they are created, even when their reaction to the partner is not met. What a misfortune!
Image: List of basic particles or standard models
The particles that are called bsoon particles by following the Bose-Einstein statistics given by Satyen Bose (1894-1974) and Albert Einstein (1879-1955). Boson particles are mainly of two types: Gauge Boson and Higgs Boson. Gauge Boson is responsible for different types of balls; On the other hand Higgs Boson is responsible for the nostril. Six types of yard boson: Gluon, Photon, W ±, Z; . Outside these particles there is another hypothetical gauze bone particle called Graviton. Graviton particles are thought to be responsible for gravitational force, although scientists have not yet found any such particle.
Gluon particle: gluon particle is responsible for the vigorous nuclear force. They attract attachments in the quarks and put protons and neutrons in the nucleus together. They have a special type of charge, which means color charge. Because their mass is high, their speed is much less than the speed of light.
Photon particles: photons are responsible for the electromagnetic force (attachment and distortion). Because they are massless they can run very fast. Photon itself is charge neutral but it is related to the interactions between different charged particles. All photons are visible from visible light to gamma rays.
W (+/-) and Z. particle: W. Boson basically consists of two particles, W + and W-, which is why it is called a zoo particle or zoo particle. They are mutually antagonistic. W and Z Boson are responsible for the weak balls. They are involved in the interaction between leptons and electrons and neutrinos. They are responsible for the radioactivity of atoms, especially for beta decay. Because they are heavy, they have less speed.
Graviton particle: Graviton particle is not yet found, but it is thought that they are responsible for the gravitational force. They have no charge and mass. Because of their masslessness, they are more like speed, so the range or range of this ball is much better.
Vaccination: Many people may wonder why the quark is not broken or the quark is made? In fact, the quark has not been able to break even because evidence of the presence of quarantine in protons or neutrons, but it is not possible to separate the quark from protons or neutrons. So, the smell of quark structure is going on, it may be that the quark is the basic particle. Maybe not again! 😛 But the standard model is not yet complete, although in many cases it has been very successful. For example, Graviton particles, which are responsible for the most important force in gravity in this universe, are still not found.
Haidron, Barion, Meson and Exotic particles
Baryon or Meson is the compound particle. Both are made by quarks. Barion particles, such as proton (uud) or neutron (udd), are made by three quarks or three anti-quark mixes of barion particles. Again, a quark and an adjective are formed in the mesen particle, such as the Pyion (ud ~) which is in cosmic rays. But the quarkers do not want to be in such a number in any number, they have specific rules. They form compounds in such a way that their total charge is -1, 0 or +1. For example, form of proton (uud) = 2 up quark (uu) + 1 down quark (d). Now, from the standard model, we get the charge of up to quark 2/3 and get down the quark - (1/3). So the total charge of the proton will be, (2/3 + 2 / 3-1 / 3) = +1. Mason particle pieon structure = 1 up quark + 1 per-down quark. Then the total amount of Pioneer will be charged, (2/3 + 1/3) = 1. For this reason, barion particles produced in combination with 3 up or 3 down quarks can not be found, and two downward quarks or 2 mesons particles per up quark will not be available.Image: Barryan, Mason and Hadron
Among the composite particles, the quarks that hold parallels with a strong nuclear force are called the hadron particles. In this sense both the baryon and the meson are the Hadron particles (Hadron). Barriers include pharmaceutical particles and mesons of boson particles. There is also a kind of particle which is considered to be completely different from the conventional particles, such as the mass of the negative, the exposure of the speed of light more than the speed of light, the charge will be opposite, the equalization of the charges will be interconnected, and the opposite charge will be dissipated, ie, the religion of conventional physics The opposite. These are called exotic matter. Although there was a mathematical notation of the existence of these particles, there was nothing much in the real world. The name of such a hypothetical exotic particle is Tachyon, which has more speed than light. It is believed that dark matter or dark energy is any such substance. Later details will be written with dark matter and dark energy.
Particles and emotions - energy spills in the joint forces
At that time I knew about the various particles contained in the standard model. Now you know about Kanara's Girl Friend or the reminder. Very easy to say, the particle reverse opposite to the particle. Each firmion particle contained in the standard model has a single reaction, which is the opposite of the particles, from the opposite side of the Opposite Charge. For example, the electrons react positron; Here the charge of the electron is negative and positon charge is positive. There is a single reaction for every particle. The substance that is made with particles; Such particles are made of antimatter. There is no reaction to Phoenician particles, but Boson Kanada has no reaction, they are alone
Image: particle-resistance collision and high-power radiation
When particles and particles arise through quantum fluctuation from zero, the particles and the particles are formed in the form of a pair, and very quickly, they collide between themselves and produce energy and then dissolves in the zodiac. Sometimes a particle can not be produced alone, because it violates the energy protection policy. So the particles and emotions are always generated together. So the question is, when the amount of antimatter will be formed during the formation of the substance from zero, and when the mixture is absorbed, the substance of the antimatter is supposed to be mixed, but why we see only the substance now! Do not see antimatter! Although the exact reasons for this are not known, what has happened has been predicted, in fact, some billion particles of particles may survive in some way, from which all these things are created in the core. There is a strong reason behind some particle survival.
Material particles or different strings of different strings!
According to conventional physics, we think of the smallest particle of matter as an ample point. String theory says that even though we see them as particles due to the limitations of eyesight, these particles are not exactly like the dots, but they are just like one-dimensional thread. According to the etiology, all basic particles are actually such or her string. Various basic particles are being created due to the variation of these vibrations of the wire. The difference in the vibrations of the wire is separating their charge and mass. In other words, according to sting theory, the basic particles have different vibrations of common strings. Because of the different vibrations of the string, we get various basic particles. Just as there is a thick and tingling tune due to the difference between the frequency of the giver's cable frequency. This cable length is very small, 10-33 is equal to Planck length. Their original curiosity is vibration. For example, electrons or quarks are nothing but common identical strings. But the way the electron strings are shaking, the strings of the quark might tremble in another, and the strings of the neutrinos tremble separately from them.
Image: From the material to the atoms of the string is easy to present
According to the string theory, this world is not three or four dimensions, but rather ten levels. Then we see only three levels, where is the rest! The rest of the levels are so small that we are not being caught in the eye. Because the strings are too small, the dimensions may be tangled in such a small space. However, the levels can not be mixed with their will, they have to comply with specific rules. The levels are peeled in special mathematical means called Calabi Yau Manifold. In terms of string theory, it is compounded by the level of dimensions in terms of compactification.