This is a new mini-series I'm trying out. I think Steemit is the perfect place to publish this, since there are so many people on here from all over the world.

I started off with tipping explained, which you can read here and then I went on to cover health care. Today, I'm going to cover our elections, specifically the mid-term elections. Why? Because we have one tomorrow!

Background

People in the United States vote for a new president once every 4 years. Our last presidential election was in 2016, and our next one will be in 2020. However, there are many other elected positions both at the national, state, and local level.

Elections for these positions do not all follow the same cycle. For example, Senators (those who serve in our legislation's upper house) serve 6 year terms. Representatives (those who serve in our legislation's lower house) serve 2 year terms. So in 2016, a third of our senators were up for re-election, and all 435 of our representatives were as well.

Every two years the United States holds national elections. 2018 is one of these years, but our president is not up for re-election. So for that reason, we call it a "mid-term" election (because it is in the middle of his term). Tomorrow, another 33 Senators are up for re-election, as well as every single Representative.

At the state and local level, people will also be voting for state senators, state representatives, governors (in 36 out of 50 states), town councils, and mayors. This will vary from person to person. But make no mistake, mid-term elections are still a pretty big deal even if no president is on the ballot!

Government in the US - Three Branches at Three Levels

To grossly over-simplify things, government in the United States looks like this. You have a legislative branch (with two houses), an executive branch, and a judicial branch, and this same triangle is more or less mirrored at the state level and then again at the local (county, town, or city) level.

Because of the system of checks and balances in the United States, controlling all the branches of government makes it much easier to pass legislation or basically do anything significant at all. For the past two years, Donald Trump (a Republican) has been president, and the Republican Party has also held a majority in both the Senate (upper house) and House of Representatives (lower house). This has created an environment where the Republicans have been able to basically do as they pleased, much to the chagrin of the Democrats (the other major party). The Supreme Court (the final branch) has 9 judges, and 5 out of 9 of them were appointed by Republicans, so for all intents and purposes Republicans "hold" that branch. Although a fun joke we all like to tell each other in the Untied States is that the Supreme Court is not political. But I digress.

Anyway, here's what the current makeup of the legislative branch looks like at the federal level:

Believe it or not, the Democrats stand a better chance of gaining a majority in the House than in the Senate. But taking control of either body will finally give the Democrats enough power to put the brakes on the Republican party's agenda.

The Significance of Tomorrow's Election

On November 6th, a ridiculously lower percentage of Americans will go vote. Their ballot will look something like this:

Every resident of a state will vote for the same Senator. From there, depending on the district, they will have different races for national Representative and state Senator and Representative. I tried to color code it to make it a little easier to understand. But the bottom line is that no one person is going to be able to tip the scales in any meaningful way. Remember, there are 435 national House races playing out in 435 different districts. Many of these districts collectively voted for Trump and a Republican representative in 2016. However, Democrats (and Republicans and pollsters) believe that enough of these districts (about 27 of them) have soured on Trump to the point where they will now elect a Democrat as their representative. If 25 of these races go to Democrats, then control of the House will flip from Republican to Democrat.

The picture in the Senate is a lot worse, mostly due to bad luck regarding which senators are "up" for re-election. About two-thirds of them are Democrats, and the Republicans that are up for re-election are in mostly safe races they are expected to comfortably win (like Ted Cruz in Texas). So the path to control of the Senate, while short at only 3 pickups needed, is widely seen as unlikely to happen. However, if Democrats do pull it off (and that is a possibility!), that will be a huge win for their party and will severely hamper Trump's remaining two years in office.

Either legislative house flipping to Democrat control will be disastrous for Republicans. That's why tomorrow's race is such a big deal.

The Mechanics of Actually Voting

If you are registered to vote, you have an assigned polling place. Some states send ballots in the mail, but most people will show up in person at their polling place to cast their ballots. Most of these are municipal buildings like fire stations and schools (incidentally, schools are generally closed on election day). You check in at the front desk where a volunteer verifies that you're eligible to vote and you get your ballot. You go into a booth and mark your choices, then drop it off into a machine.

The winner of each race is the candidate with the highest number of votes. Most races will be between two candidates: a Republican and a Democrat. However, there are some races with 3 or 4 candidates, although these "third party" candidates rarely ever win, especially at the national level. You can also write in candidates, or leave that position blank on your ballot. Because of this, it's possible for Senators and Representatives to be elected with less than 50% of the vote, and in fact this happens quite often. The system is structured in a way that reinforces our "two party" system where essentially the entire Congress is made up of either Republicans and Democrats.

Conclusion

Even though President Trump is not up for re-election, the future of his remaining 2 years in office will hinge directly on whether or not Republicans can keep control of both the House and the Senate. If they lose the House (the most likely scenario), they will not be able to pass any additional legislation without securing at least a few Democrat votes. The House also has subpoena power to initiate investigations as well as the ability to vote to impeach (remove) the president, so Democrats could do that as well, which would really ruin Trump's next 2 years.