Tissue culture is to cultivate a plant tissue into a new plant that has properties such as its parent. Cells in plants have totipotensi nature that is the ability to grow into a perfect plant if stored in the appropriate environment. This ability is developed as a basis in tissue culture techniques.
Tissue culture is the growth of tissues or cells separate from the organism. This is typically facilitated via use of a liquid, semi-solid, or solid growth medium, such as broth or agar.
Experts also mean that culture means cultivation and tissue is a group of cells that have the same shape and function because the tissue culture means to cultivate a plant tissue into a new plant that has properties such as its parent.
While the cultivation of plants carried out in a container (container) or bottles with special media and tools all sterile called invitro.
The plants that are reproduction engineered through tissue culture are generally plants that have high economic value such as orchids, tobacco, rubber, chocolate and coffee.
Tissue Culture Technique
- Tissue culture was developed by several methods, namely; Meristem culture, network cultivation by using ex plandari young tissue or meristem.
- Pollen culture / anther culture, using eksplan from pollen or stamens.
- Protoplas culture, using eksplan from protoplas.
- Chloroplas culture, using chloroplasts for protoplast fusion purposes.
5.. Somatic cross (protoplast number / protoplast fusion), crossing two kinds of protoplasts, then cultivated to become small plants that have new properties.
During this procedure, plant cells can be removed from various parts of a plant and placed on media in petri plates. The media does not contain the growth hormones normally present in a plant that tell the cells which tissue to develop into. As a result, the cells do not differentiate and instead form a mass of cells called a callus that are not differentiated into at the tissue level.
Cells are taken from plants and grown into undifferentiated masses called callus.
Immature embryos are removed from seeds and placed on media. Callus cells will then begin to grow from them.
Callus are masses of undifferentiated cells.
Since plant cells are totipotent, growth hormones can be added to the media triggering the callus cells to develop roots, shoots and eventually entire plants. Plants regenerated from tissue culture will be clones genetically identical to the cell they originated from. The only animal cells that have this totipotent characteristic are fertilized eggs.
Single cells can be regenerated into entire plants.
Growth hormones can be added to the media and the cells will begin to divide and differentiate into plants.
Regenerated plants are then transferred into test tubes. Once they have reached a certain size, they will be transplanted into soil.
Benefits of tissue culture techniques
Some of the benefits of tissue culture techniques are as follows:
- To produce new plants in large quantities in a short time with the nature and quality of the same as the parent.
- Get plants that are free from viruses and diseases.
- Creating new varieties, that is by combining plasma from different cells in one species and then growing it through tissue culture.
- Preserve the type of plant that is almost extinct.
- Maintains the authenticity of plant traits.
Sources :