The study described in this article was carried out to determine the effects of the inclusion in the diet of two concentrates of salmon protein, dry and condensed, in the growth of day-old meat chicks.

At the time of the hatching of the egg, the intestine of chickens and turkeys of meat is not fully developed, but it will take about 10-14 days to maximize the digestibility of nutrients and utilization of the Energy. In order to counteract the lack of food conversion, very high quality and sometimes immunostimulatory food supplements were used (fish meal, plasma protein dried by spray-drying, etc.)

The techniques used in the manufacture of the salmon protein concentrate (CPS) preserve, essentially, the high quality of the nutrients of wild salmon from Alaska (United States). In addition, omega 3 long chain fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which are found in large quantities in certain fish oils, generally improve calcium absorption, bone strength, development of brain and cognitive function, and health status. In short, CPS is a high-quality ingredient with immunostimulant properties that potentiates growth in immature animals, as is the case with meat chicks.

To carry out the study, 480 Ross x Ross 308 male meat chickens were used, which were subjected to 5 different diets in the start-up phase and a single diet in the final phase.

Experimental diets

All diets were based on corn meal and soybean meal which met or exceeded the recommendations of the NRC, 1994 (National Research Council) como puedes ver en la tabla 1

All the diets contained a coccidiostatic (90 g / t monensin).

All the animals were fed with different experimental diets from birth (initiation phase) to 3 weeks of life (end phase). Also included was a negative control base diet that did not include fishmeal

Housing and handling of animals

At the time of arrival the chicks were weighed and separated into groups of 12 animals in pens with measures 1.2m x 1.2m. These pens were equipped with special feeders and plastic drinkers for feeding the chicks to which they had free access at all times. The pens were prepared with bed of dirty pine wood chips used for 16 weeks in other pens to avoid the influence of some immunopotentiator of the omega 3 fatty acids.
Weights and food consumption (measured as the disappearance of food) were recorded weekly and the conversion rate was calculated as the feed-to-weight ratio.

Statistical analysis

All data were subjected to an analysis of variance (ANOVA) using appropriate procedures for a randomized complete block design and JMP 5.1 (SAS Institute, Gary, NC) with eight blocks (replicates) was used.
The effects on the growth of the experimental diets were evaluated by the Fisher's least significant difference test. The pens were considered as experimental units and P values less than or equal to 0.05 were considered significant.

Results

The results obtained in the present work on the parameters studied are presented below.

Weight gain

During the first 3 weeks (initiation phase) the chicks that were fed the condensed CPS grew faster (P <0.05) than the chicks that were offered the control diet or the dry CPS diet (table 2) ). Animals that ingested the diet that included menhaden fishmeal presented intermediate growth rates. As a consequence of a faster growth in the start-up phase, these chicks weighed more (P <0.05) than the chicks fed any other diet. while the animals that were offered the menhaden fishmeal diet presented intermediate weights....
In the finalization phase no differences in growth were observed except in the sixth week when it was observed that the chicks fed the control diet gained weight more quickly (P <0.05) than those fed the diet containing a 5, 2% dry CPS. However, the chicks that were previously fed with the condensed CPS maintained higher weights than the animals that received any other diet (P <0.05), except at the end of the sixth week, when they only weighed more than the broilers that They consumed any of the dry CPS diets.

#####Food consumption

During the whole initiation phase, the animals fed the condensed CPS diet consumed more food (P <0.05) than those who received the control diet or the dry CPS diet, while the chicks who ate the diet of flour of menhaden fish presented, in general, intermediate consumption indices (table 3).

During the fourth week, the broilers fed the condensed CPS diet during the start-up phase consumed more food than those who received the control diet (P <0.05), but no other differences were observed (P> 0.05). . However, in the fifth and sixth weeks and throughout the finalization phase the feed intake was not affected by the experimental diet (P> 0.05). During the six weeks of the study, birds fed the condensed CPS diet consumed more food than those fed the two levels of dry CPS or the control diet (P <0.05).

Conversion rate

The conversion rate was only affected during the second and third week. During the second week, the animals fed the diet with 5.2% dry CPS used the food more efficiently (P <0.05) than the chicks that received the control diet (table 4). However, in the third week, birds fed the condensed CPS diet had better conversion rates (P <0.05) than those fed the diet with 2.6% dry CPS. The conversion rate was not affected by the type of diet throughout the start-up or completion phase, nor throughout the entire study

Chemical analysis of the ingredients
Before the formulation of the diet, the dry salmon protein concentrate (dry CPS), the condensed salmon protein concentrate (condensed CPS) and the fish meal menhaden (marine fish of the genera Brevoortia and Ethmidium) were analyzed chemically in representative samples. Prior to performing these chemical analyzes, the condensed CPS was frozen and dried, so all analyzes were performed on this material. The total amino acid content was analyzed by ion exchange chromatography, while the available lysine content was estimated by the 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNFB) method.

Discussion

The initial rapid growth of chicks can have a very important impact on the subsequent performance of broilers. The inclusion of highly digestible nutrients in the starter diets can help the chicks improve their early growth.
Lysine is especially sensitive to thermal damage due to the high reactivity of its e-amino group. However, the drying conditions of the CPS were moderate enough to cause only a minimal reduction in the content of the reactive lysine, so the quality of the protein, both of the condensed and dry CPS, was very high and superior to that of menhaden fishmeal. The procedures used in the manufacture of CPS ensured the bioavailability of the salmon's high-quality nutrients. In effect, the condensed CPS diet resulted in a weight gain rate 12% faster than the control, dry CPS and menhaden fish meal diets. The higher growth rate was probably due to a higher feed intake, since the conversion rate was not affected.
However, since all diets were formulated to contain the same amount of the first and second limiting amino acids (methionine + lysine and lysine, respectively), potential differences in digestibility and bioavailability of nutrients, indicated by higher contents of available lysine, they may be, at least partially, responsible for the improvement in the growth rate. In addition, the contents of omega 3 fatty acids can probably help downregulate the inflammatory and immune responses observed in an unhealthy environment, which could improve growth. However, more research is needed to firmly establish the potential health benefits of the CPS diet.
It should be taken into account that the diet containing the condensed CPS tended to adhere to the feeders and became slightly moldy1. This adverse effect was probably due to the high moisture content of the condensed CPS and the high temperatures of the ship in which the broilers were located. If the use of these products were extensive, it would be necessary to make them more stable to avoid the formation of mold, or the food should be mixed more often to avoid storage of the already mixed food.

The adverse physical effects of condensed CPS are unlikely to have an impact on the performance of broilers, because animals fed the condensed CPS diet gained weight at a faster rate and used the feed more efficiently than those fed diets. Dry CPS and control.

Thanks:

Financial support for the conduct of this research was provided by the Alaska Manufacturing Extension Partnership, Anchorage, AK. Donations in kind from Alaska Protein Recovery, LLC, Juneau, AK (salmon meal); DSM Nutritional Products, Ames, IA (vitamin premix); feed Energy Company, DEs Moines, IA (soybean oil); and ILC Resources DEs Moines, IA (limestone and dicalcium phosphate) are highly valued.
We appreciate the help of Bill Larson and Jeff Tjelta of the ISU Poultry Science Research Center as well as students and doctoral students.

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