Good post.
Interestingly while the examples definitely have an element of randomness, the randomness is not completely random. 😁
By that I mean that the laws you described are probabilistic and so the outcome of the 'random' events is biased towards certain values.

The role of a dice is truly random with equal probability for each outcome.

But my understanding with particle physics is that scientists use maths to predict probabilities.

In that sense maths do describe reality.
It may be just that reality is uncomfortable for our small mind. 😀