Part #22 [ Environmental issues and Environmentally sustainable Development ]

Development has changed nature and made it man-made nature. The alteration process exploits natural resources by involving man-made technology. Science and technology is evolved by the spirit of life that centers on self-interest and human needs, in the sense that humans are the center of every life in nature. An increase in the number of people will increase the exploitation activities of natural resources, while the area of the earth and the capacity of its resources are not increased.

Globally environmental concerns and problems have actually arisen beginning at the beginning of the mid-abab industrial revolution of 18 in Britain which replaced some of the human power with engine power around 1750. It also began in America in 1800. This replacement of manpower and other abilities characterized by cybernetic revolution, where in a variety of actions preferably the use of machines. This process is followed by the use of various chemicals, radioactive power, writing machines, counting machines, computers and so on. In 1950 there was an itai-itai disease in Minamata Bay, Japan due to Cd and Hg waste poisoning. In 1962 the book The Silent Spring from Rachel Carson who complained of the spring's quiet from the chirp of birds, because the excessive use of pesticides has caused the rupture of egg shells that threaten the survival of birds.

On 5 - 12 June 1972 the proposal of the Swedish Government was held by the UN Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm Conference) in the hope of protecting and developing the interests and aspirations of developing countries. In 1987 a report by The World Commission on Environment and Development entitled "Our Common Future" which outlines the need for development is carried out with an environmental insight known as sustainable development. This Commission is known as the Brundtland Commission. In 1992 in Rio de Jancrio, Brazil hosted a UN Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) summit that resulted in the Rio Declaration, and Agenda-21 which was an "action plan" to guide the strategy and integration of the development program by saving the environment. The Rio Conference also produces the Convention on Climate Change, the Convention on Biological Diversity and the Statement on Forestry Principles. This Forestry Principle is a guideline for forest management by the state, in the form of protection and maintenance of all types of forest with economic significance for the safety of various biota species in it.

In 1997 the Earth Council, formed as a continuation of the Rio Conference, formulated the Earth Charter which was disseminated in 2000. The Earth Charter is an appeal to create a future Earth based on universal responsibility to care for quality of life through ecological integrity, social and economic justice, and the creation of democracy, harmony and peace on Earth.

Year 2002 from September 2 to 5 has been held World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg, South Africa which was attended by Indonesian delegation. The President of the Republic of Indonesia delivered a speech at the plenary session by appealing for us to act together to implement an agreement to fight poverty and underdevelopment, as well as a concerted effort to stop the destruction of natural resources with urgency in an effort to save it. This program is expected to be implemented, among others, through restriction of production patterns and consumption of natural resources. One other outcome of this Summit is 52 Plans for Implementing Sustainable Development for Women and Children.

Global warming can occur as a result of the increase of the gas layer, especially CO2 that envelops the Earth and serves as a greenhouse-like layer. This gas comes from various human activities such as in the use of natural resources in the form of fossil energy (petroleum, coal and gas). Under normal circumstances, the greenhouse gas (GHG) layer comprises 55% CO2, the remainder being hydrocarbons, NOx, SO2, O3, CH4 and water vapor. This layer causes reflected back infrared heat A that comes with sunlight, so the temperature on the surface of the Earth can reach 13oC. If this GRK increases then the layer of gas gets thicker resulting in reflections behind the (more) rays of the Sun, the more it bounces back to Earth, and the Earth's surface temperature increases. Greenhouse gases can also increase due to logging

Environmental pollution can result in declining functions and allocation of natural resources, such as water, air, food, and soil. Most pollutants are wastes, mainly from industrial estates. Environmental pollution due to the use of chemical pesticides (methyl isocyanate) and the emergence of B3 waste from various industrial activities is very worrying, because it not only threaten human life but also other biological resources. Pollution of this waste as happened in Buyat Bay Ratatotok causing disturbance of public health around.