Organic Chemistry:

Historical Background (old theory)

1. “Organic” means concerning life
2. Organic Compounds are made up of onlyplants and animals or Extracted from Plants and Animals
3. Not synthesized in Laboratory.
4. Obey “Vital Force” Theory.
   (vital is latin word and Vital means Life)

Accidentally changed the concepts;

• Accidentally synthesized/prepared in the laboratory by the heating of inorganic compound “Ammonium Cyanate”

NH4Cl + 2KCNO ------> 2NH4CNO + KCl
Ammonium Chloride + Potassium Cyanate -----> Ammoniam cynate
O
NH4CNO ------> NH2----C-----NH2
Urea
Scientist Name: Friedrich Wohler in 1828

Modern definition of Organic chemistry;

• Study of chemistry of the Carbon Compounds.

• Organic Compounds are essentially formed covalent bonds.

Examples of organic compounds are food, clothes, petroleum, drugs, dyes, plastics, leather, perfumes, rubber, explosives, pesticides, polymers etc.

Natural resources of Organic compounds;

Important natural sources;

Plants: Starch, sugar, cellulose and drugs from plants and natural dyes
Animals: urea, proteins and fats
Coal: Aromatic compounds and fuels or gas

Types of Organic compounds;

The organic compounds are classified as

1. Acyclic or Non-cyclic compounds
2. Cyclic Compounds or Closed Chain

1. Acyclic or Non-cyclic compounds;

• Carbon atoms are attached in Straight Chain

• Long chain and a branched chain Compounds

• Also called Aliphatic Compounds

2. Cyclic or closed changed compounds;

Classified into two main types

1. Carbocyclic compounds
   i. Alicyclic Compounds
   ii. Aromatic Compounds.

2. Heterocyclic Compounds.

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1. Carbocyclic compounds;

• Those compounds which are made up of carbon atoms only in a ring.

i. Alicyclic Compounds (Non-benzenoid)

• Closed ring (Ring Structure)
• Only carbon atoms.
• Carbon atom joined by single bond
• Behave like aliphatic compounds
e.g. cyclobutane, cyclohexane, cyclopantane etc.

ii. Aromatic compounds (Benzenoid)

• Closed Chain Compounds
• Alternative single and double bond
• Resonance structure
• Aromatic compounds
e.g. Benzene, Phenol, Toluene, naphthalene etc.

2. Hetrocyclic compounds;

• Cyclic Compounds or Closed ring
• Contain one or two atoms other than carbon
e.g. O, N and S
Furan (Five membered),
Pyridine (Six membered)
Thiophene (Four membered)

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