This is an in depth post. I honestly have a difficult time accepting a lot of it because I have a viewpoint of an indigenous person from the USA.
The doctrine of discovery is an underlying force in much of the global expansion which you detail above. It's sickening to my soul to see the indigenous people of multiple continents subjected to massacre at the behest of the church.
So much of geopolitics is to do with taking of natural resources from those who cannot defend themselves from violent societies of war mongers.
Here in the USA we have over 40k homeless veterans on the streets every night. This is a symptom of war profiteering. If the decision makers weren't so invested in profiting off of war, our veterans wouldn't be hungry and homeless.
Until we shift priorities as a nation, here in the usa, we will continue to see unchecked expansion of military powers.
RE: Understanding the World - Part #1: Geopolitics and Grand Strategy