We discussed the formation, work, and evolution of all the information in the previous episode of this writing and the genetic information exchange in one word. From that discussion, we found two new information about exchange of genetic information in cells. One, transmissions of genetic information is done in two phases, initially "transcription", then "translation" (translation). Two, in the absence of the outer screen of the nucleus in the bacterial cells, the link between these two steps is composed, which is not present in the Eukaryote cell (for example, in our cells). The question is,why? What was the problem if genetic information was not one step in two steps? In the same way, the question arises, what is the significance of such linkage between the two streams of information flow in the bacteria? We will also look forward to the answers to these questions, but also step by step.
Image 1: The link between these two steps is created because the transcription and translation of the bacterial cells is in the same place. As soon as the mRNA is created, the proteins are formed. The relationship between these two steps can not be formed in the eukaryote cell for the nucleus screen. So first the mRNA is formed, and then it is released from the nucleus when the protein is formed.
Before answering the questions, keep in mind that such questions can be understood as awakening, we have begun to start the path of biology correctly. We have previously mentioned two types of reasons or explanations of a feature: natural explanation , or chemical explanation. But biologists can not be satisfied with knowing only the physical or chemical cause of any information related to animal properties. For example, it can be said as a natural cause, due to the absence of the nucleus screen, transcription and translation are interconnected. But a biologist's biographer or the biologist's mind demands more.
Evolution-compiled explanation
I say duality about evolution-compliant explanation. The theory that brought a radical change to the inner core of our life and biology, Charles Darwin's theory of evolution is perhaps the main of them. In the words of biologist Richard Dawkins: "Knowledge of life and biology remains incomplete, unless we grasp the cause of their source and presence. The evolution of the source of life and the presence of different organisms on earth is evolution. "The history of this evolution has taught us that in spite of not having any specific advantages in general, any feature can not be sustained for long periods, It can be said that if there is any specific benefit, then the biological feature is to get hold of the holding point in the flowing stream. This is the only key to stability from early life. This is what we mean by evolution-complied reasons.
First question: What is the benefit of information sharing in two phases?
The answer to the question is that how quickly an organism changes itself with its surroundings. The environment around each organism is constantly changing. In order to adapt to this changing environment, the organism has to adapt itself very quickly or adapt itself to one word. The time it takes for the reaction time to say or response time. Generally, the response is less likely to survive in the changing environment, the more likely it is to survive. Due to the interaction of genetic information in two phases, response time reduces adaptation to adaption or adaptation. How to find answers to this question, in a few steps, we will have to open the information about the question.
The first step is how do cells make themselves suitable for the changing environment? The key tool for this is to create proteins suitable for the environment. In previous episodes, we learned that cells produce some proteins according to the data stored in DNA, which perform all functions of the cell. This "all activities" refers to the activities of the second. One is that when the environment around the cell remains unchanged, then do the cellular work so that the healthy growth and division of the cell continues. Two, when the environment of the cell suddenly changes, it helps to adapt to changes and to keep the cells alive in a very difficult environment. There are different genes for different types of proteins needed to do these two types of work.
So it is understood that adaptation cells have to be synthesized from different types of genes and different quantities of protein molecules and it can be done as soon as possible. The time of adaptation is called 'Time to Adapt' or 'Response-Time'. The lesser the response time, the cell or the organism will survive as quickly as possible to adapt to the new environment.
How to reduce response time?
Changes in the surroundings of the cell may be in the moment. The bacteria are small, it takes too long to feel that change (average ~ 1 minute). Meanwhile, a protein molecule takes an average of half an hour to produce. So if a cell needs to form 100 protein molecule directly from a gene to adapt to a new environment, then the cell will be cut approximately 1 hour. Instead, cells can make this time a bit short due to RNA and genital enzymes from RNA, and these are two stepped proteins. How exactly, let's look at a little digit.
It took about 1 hour to prepare 100 protein proteins, it is understood that 100 x 0.5 minutes is 50 minutes, that is, around 1 hour. Now, let's say, some RNA (~ 10) is formed from a gene. It took 5 minutes (10x 0.5 minutes), because creating an RNA takes an average time of 0.5 minutes. Now, 10 proteins produced from 10 RNAs together, 100 protein proteins will be ready in a very quick (5 minutes). That means total time is 10 minutes. So after completing two steps, one hour of work was done in 10 minutes. This is called "Empolier Effect". In this way, cells quickly develop some RNA to adapt quickly to the changing environment.
Here the question can arise in the mind: If you put 10 copies of the same gene in the cell or what was the advantage? Instead of 10 RNA, every 10 gene-per-protein proteins could be made. The disadvantage was that the cell had to carry the 10 genes always. In the language of evolution, it would be said that in order to maintain the trend of the cell, the organism had to do extra work, which would reduce its growth rate 5, and the creature lost its competition with the rest of the organism and would have lost it from the evolutionary clan.
For this reason, instead of carrying 30 copies of the same gene in each cell, some organisms make RNA necessary by each gene. RNA is very momentary. So they got destroyed in 5 minutes after the preparation of protein from them. So the cells do not have to do unnecessary energy to carry them. As such RNA is considered as a 'retail paper' of our writing table. So that some quick calculation can be done and then thrown into a bad paper sack
Image 2: Let's make 9 cells very fast for any reason. Here we are taking 9 proteins in place of the 100 protein proteins of the text, for the convenience. If genetic information was run at one step, then the cell had to make 9 protein proteins one by one, and it took 9 times to take a time to do a protein translation. Normal protein takes an average of 0.5 minutes to prepare, so it would take 4.5 minutes to complete. On the other hand, if genetic information was run in two phases, it would take time to calculate 3 times the time of mRNA transcription time and 3 times the time of a protein translation. It takes an average of 0.5 minutes for a mRNA transcription. So in two steps, it takes 0.5 x 3 + 0.5 x 3 = 3 minutes if the information is transmitted. That's going to save 1.5 minutes. For the convenience of convincing we have only 9 protein proteins here. Generally, a response is required for a few thousand proteins, and so cells can save about two hours of information transfer and spend about an hour.
Second question: What is the significance of linkage between two streams of information flow in bacteria?
The second question will be discussed in the next phase