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Other Arteries of the Thigh :
The obturator artery arises from the internal iliac artery in the pelvic region. It descends via the obturator canal to enter the medial thigh, bifurcating into two branches:
Anterior branch – This supplies the pectineus, obturator externus, adductor muscles and gracilis.
Posterior branch – This supplies some of the deep gluteal muscles.
The gluteal region is largely supplied by the superior and inferior gluteal arteries. These arteries also arise from the internal iliac artery, entering the gluteal region via the greater sciatic foramen.
The superior gluteal artery leaves the foramen above the piriformis muscle, the inferior below the muscle. In addition to the gluteal muscles, the inferior gluteal artery also contributes towards the vasculature of the posterior thigh.
In the Leg
The popliteal artery descends down the posterior thigh, giving off genicular branches that supply the knee joint. It moves through the popliteal fossa, exiting sandwiched between the gastrocnemius and popliteus muscles. At the lower border of the popliteus, the popliteal artery terminates by dividing into the anterior tibial artery and the tibioperoneal trunk. The tibioperoneal trunk then divides into the posterior tibial and fibular arteries.
The posterior tibial artery continues inferiorly, along the surface of the deep muscles (such as tibialis posterior). It accompanies the tibial nerve in entering the sole of the foot via the tarsal tunnel. The fibular artery moves laterally from its point of origin, penetrating the lateral compartment of the leg. It supplies muscles in the lateral compartment, and adjacent muscles in the posterior compartment.
The other division of the popliteal artery, the anterior tibial artery, passes anteriorly between the tibia and fibula, through a gap in the interosseous membrane. It then moves inferiorly down the leg. It runs down the entire length of the leg, and into the foot, where it becomes the dorsalis pedis artery.