Linux Command Line Tutorial #4 - File Permissions

What Will I Learn?

You'll learn about understanding and changing file permissions in linux.

Requirements

• Read the other tutorials in the series

Difficulty

• Basic

Tutorial Contents

Hey guys, been away from steemit for a few days, but here's a short tutorial about linux file permissions.

What are file permissions?

Linux follows the Unix philosophy of "everything is a file" pretty extensively. So obviously, setting limits on who can read, write or execute files is a pretty important thing. You don't want some random user to be able to make changes to the core system by modifying important files. That's why linux has file permissions.

In linux, there are 3 permissions:

1. Permission to read a file
2. Permission to write/modify a file
3. Permission to execute a file as a binary

If you have typed the command ls -l to look at the contents of a directory, you'll get something like this:

So in this, you'll see this: -rw-r--r-- What's this garbage?

Those are the permissions of the file.

This text has 4 parts:

1. The first character indicates whether this is a file or a directory. If it's the former, it's a -. If it's the latter,it's a d.
2. The next 3 characters show the permissions for the user that owns the file.
3. The next 3 characters show the permissions for the group that the user is part of.
4. Finally, the last 3 characters show the permissions for everyone that is not the owner of the file

Now we come to the actual characters. These define what the actual permissions are:

Character	Permission
r	Read
w	Write
x	Execute

So if you put these 2 things together, you can find out the permissions of the file.

So in this screenshot,

1. The directory dir5 is readable, writable, and executable by the owner. It's readable and executable by other users in the group, or anyone else
2. The file file1 is readable and writable by the owner. It's only readable by others in the same group, or anyone else.

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Note: File permissions are not implicitly recursive. So just because dir5 can be read by anyone, the contents of dir5 may not be readable by everyone.

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Changing the permissions of a file/directory

Ok so, in the above screenshot, what if you want to execute file1 like a program? Well, you have to change the permission, with the chmod command.

The chmod command has a specific syntax for denoting permissions. Without going into the octal number system, here are the symbols:

Permission	Symbol
Read	4
Write	2
Execute	1

This is the syntax for the chmod command:

chmod xxx filename

The x's are the sum of all the permissions you want to give to the user/group/everyone.

So for example:

1. Read and Write - 4 + 2 = 6
2. Read, Write and Execute - 4 + 2 + 1 = 7
3. Read and execute - 4 + 1 = 5
4. Just read - 4
5. No access - 0

Here's an example:

In this case, we passed the number 764. This means that we want to set the permissions to:

1. Read, Write and Execute for the owner. (4 + 2 + 1 = 7)
2. Read and Write for any user that is in the same group as the owner (4+2 = 6)
3. Only read for everyone else (Read = 4)

Here's another example:

In this case, we used the -R flag to make it recursive ie. all files/directories inside dir5 have the same permissions as dir5 itself. In this case, we passed 760:

1. Read, Write and Execute for the owner. (4 + 2 + 1 = 7)
2. Read and Write for any user that is in the same group as the owner (4+2 = 6)
3. Everyone else has no access to the directory.

So that's it for this tutorial. Hope you found it easy to understand.

Previous Parts

• Linux Command Line Tutorial #3 - Shell features
• Linux Command Line Tutorial #2 - Working with Files
• Linux Command Line Tutorial #1 - Moving around in the Filesystem

Sources

1. Header image created using this image from Pixabay
2. All screenshots are of my own system.

harshallele

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Posted on Utopian.io - Rewarding Open Source Contributors

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