This article states that The juxtraglomerular granular has EP4 (and EP2) prostanoid receptors that respond to PGE2. There receptors are coupled to G proteins which in turn activate the adenylil cyclase

This article shows the activity of angiotensin II with respect to NHE exchangers. It is known that the macula densa (MD) apical exchanger is the NHE2 isoform and the basolateral one is the NH4 isoform.

This article reviews the presence of P2Y receptors in the kidney. It has a section on the renal vasculature. At the level of the smooth muscle of the afferent arteriole (AA) P2Y1 and P2Y4 receptors mediate

This article shows the fact that A1 adenosine receptors are present in the smooth muscle cells of the afferent arteriole (AA). The tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF) response involves the vasoconstriction

This article is a reference article that, among other things, reports that ecto-5′-nucleotidase is present in the cell membranes of the mesangial cells. This means that the ATP released from macula densa

This article shows that ATP can be released through the basolateral membrane of the macula densa (MD) cells. There is a maxi anion channel which is activated by sodium chloride (volume). ATP uses this

This article demonstrates that the extraglomerular mesangial cells are important in the communication between the macula densa (MD) and the afferent arteriole. The integrity of the extraglomerular mesangial

This article shows that the sequence for the release of ATP from the macula densa (MD) cells is probably as follow: Increased GFR causes an increase in the sodium chloride concentration reaching the macula

This article states that the AT1 receptor mediates vasoconstriction in the afferent and efferent arterioles. This is done by signaling using Gq/11-protein and protein kinase C activation. Angiotensin II

This article showed that the AT1 receptor mediates the production of nitric oxide at the level of the afferent arteriole. This other article shows that angiotensin II, through the AT1 receptor in endothelial

This article from the year 2000 shows the effects of angiotensin II in the afferent (AA)and efferent arterioles (EA) in the kidney. As we know, the AT1 receptor is present in the AA and the EA. In the

This article expresses the fact that the juxtaglomerular granular (JG) cells are present in the afferent arteriole, the efferent arteriole and the extraglomerular mesangium. However, they are much more

This article shows that the EP4 receptor for PGE2 in the juxtaglomerular (JG) granular cell is the main one necessary for signaling the production of renin. The stimulation of the EP4 receptor by an agonist

This article is a review article that mentions that the inhibition of the production of nitric oxide (NO) in macula densa (MD) cells leads to an exaggerated TGF response. An exaggerated TGF response in

This article evidences how low sodium chloride concentrations cause macula densa (MD) cells to phosphorylate (activate) MAP kinases. This activation is key for the increased expression of COX-2. The MAP

This article shows an interesting study in which PGE2 inhibits neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in the macula densa. It is well known that cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and nNOS are coexpressed in macula

This article shows how the presence of NHE2 in the apex of the macula densa (MD) cells can be involved in the sensing of low salt content in the tubular fluid. The signal that would determine the ultimate

The previous post showed the TGF in response to an increased GFR. Now, when the GFR decreases, the sequence is as follows. Again, this will be made simple so that more detailed can be placed in subsequent

The tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF) is one of the mechanisms by which the kidney regulates the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and blood pressure (BP). This overview will be very simple and will reveal